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Rethinking the Silk Road: China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations PDF

290 Pages·2018·3.13 MB·English
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Edited by Maximilian Mayer R E T H I N K I N G T H E S I L K R O A D China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations Rethinking the Silk Road Maximilian Mayer Editor Rethinking the Silk Road China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations Editor Maximilian Mayer Tongji University German Studies Shanghai, China ISBN 978-981-10-5914-8 ISBN 978-981-10-5915-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017958953 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and i nstitutional affiliations. Cover Illustration: © hakule / Getty Images Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21- 01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore A cknowledgments This book came about as a result of a conference titled, “One Belt One Road Initiative under the Perspective of Asian-European Cooperation,” organized at the German Studies Center of Tongji University, Shanghai, China, on December 3 and 4, 2015. Tongji University provided generous funding for this event, which was aimed at deepening the academic con- versation about and the theoretical study of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BR). The diverse academic and national backgrounds of the contributing authors demonstrate the unwavering efforts of scholars around the world to work towards an atmosphere of dialogue and mutual understanding in order to keep peace, friendship, and a scientific spirit alive in times when distrust and suspicion are becoming a growing force in world affairs. I also want to express my gratitude to all helping hands for making this volume possible, including the numerous colleagues who helped to peer-review individual chapters, and especially to my research assistant, Dániel Balázs, for his great organizational and editorial support. v c ontents 1 China’s Rise as Eurasian Power: The Revival of the Silk Road and Its Consequences 1 Maximilian Mayer 2 The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and the Leading Function of the Shipping Industry 43 Hu Zhang 3 Connectivity and International Law in the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road 57 Guobin Zhang and Yu Long 4 Special Economic Zones: Integrating African Countries in China’s Belt and Road Initiative 69 Alexander Demissie 5 Connectivity and Regional Integration: Prospects for Sino-Indian Cooperation 85 Darshana M. Baruah and C. Raja Mohan 6 Africa in the Maritime Silk Road: Challenges  and Prospects 99 Junbo Jian vii viii CONTENTS 7 The Belt and Road Initiative and Comprehensive Regionalism in Central Asia 115 Ikboljon Qoraboyev and Kairat Moldashev 8 The New Silk Road for China and Japan: Building on Shared Legacies 131 Yang Jiang 9 Knowledge-Based Institutions in Sino-Arctic Engagement: Lessons for the Belt and Road Initiative 147 Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen and Ping Su 10 Chinese Investments in European Countries: Experiences and Lessons for the “Belt and Road” Initiative 161 Philippe Le Corre 11 Former Empires, Rising Powers: Turkey’s Neo-Ottomanism and China’s New Silk Road 177 Nora Fisher Onar 12 Knowing the World: International and Chinese Perspectives on the Disciplinarization of Country and Area Studies 191 Chunchun Hu 13 Modern Silk Road Imaginaries and the Co-production of Space 205 Maximilian Mayer and Dániel Balázs 14 Berlin Looking Eastward: German Views of and Expectations from the New Silk Road 227 Wolfgang Röhr CONTENT S ix 15 The Geopolitical Significance of Sino-Russian Cooperation in Central Asia for the Belt and Road Initiative 247 Enrico Fels 16 Changing International System Structures and the Belt and Road Initiative 269 Chuanxing Wang Index 281 CHAPTER 1 China’s Rise as Eurasian Power: The Revival of the Silk Road and Its Consequences Maximilian Mayer China’s economic and political ascent signals an epochal change.1 The country’s enormous growth rate has continued over almost four decades. Measured in GDP (PPP), China overtook the U.S. in 2013 as the biggest economy and now commands over 17% of the world economy. Although China is still far away from reaching the per capita GDP level of the richest group of countries,2 the center of gravity of the world economy is moving towards Asia. As China integrates itself into global markets and production networks, East Asia has become the central engine of the world economy, reinstating an earlier pattern that was broken during the nineteenth century’s “great divergence,” when the industrial revolution gave rise to a European dominated world economy.3 Chinese companies and policy makers exert a growing financial and regulatory influence at a regional and global level because of accelerating investment activities into mineral extraction, fossil fuels, and infrastructure projects around the world. Chinese leaders and diplomats, supported by an increase of wealth and military power, have in turn expanded the scope and ambitions of their foreign policy. Beijing’s current proactive diplomatic agenda impacts far-flung places and exceeds the immediate neighborhood in the Pacific and South East M. Mayer (*) Tongji University, German Studies, Shanghai, China © The Author(s) 2018 1 M. Mayer (ed.), Rethinking the Silk Road, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5_1 2 M. MAYER Asia. China’s economic statecraft and the attractiveness of its development model are felt on every level of the global economic system.4 The leadership in Beijing emphasizes that a “peaceful international environment” remains crucial to achieve the “great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” said to be completed at the 100-year anniversary of the People’s Republic in 2049.5 At the same time, a new generation of leaders under President Xi Jinping has gradually abandoned Deng Xiaoping’s principle of “biding time while lying low.”6 Given its fast-growing economic and military capabilities, a new “assertiveness” seems to characterize Chinese behavior in matters of territo- rial claims, such as in the South China Sea, and the pursuit of national inter- est.7 Yet, various studies have qualified the observation as premature that China’s overall diplomatic practice became indeed more assertive.8 Notwithstanding the different assessments of China’s recent foreign policy, the central question is how China’s expanding economic influence will transform the global political landscape. What kind of great power will China become? What is the scope of Chinese ambitions to create a new order? Which institutional and normative consequences result from China’s attempts to use its growing international leverage systematically? While foreign analysts disagree about whether China is already capable of challenging the liberal order or still only a “partial global power,”9 there is also no consensus about the direction of China’s “grand strategy.”10 It remains contested to which ends China’s increased power should be employed as different and partly irreconcilable visions of international order as well as China’s role and responsibilities circulate among Chinese elites.11 In light of this chronic inconsistency, the idea of engineering a revival of the ancient Silk Road marks a turning point in the debates about China’s strategy. Proposed in late 2013, after the leadership transition from President Hu Jintao to President Xi, the Belt and Road Initiative (henceforth BR) is without doubt the most ambitious foreign policy approach adopted by China thus far. Despite a certain inherent vagueness, the associated debates among Chinese scholars clarify the shape and direction of China’s future trajectory. The country is perceived, first and foremost, to rise as a Eurasian great power.12 The initiative’s two components—coined “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”—form an organic approach aimed at reaching greater economic integration between countries along the routes which connect East Asia with Western Europe.13 The ultimate goal is to integrate all countries on the Eurasian landmass, connecting the regions of Central Asia, South Asia, South East Asia,

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