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Rethinking Epistemology 2 Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:01 PM Berlin Studies in Knowledge Research Edited by Günter Abel and James Conant Volume 2 De Gruyter Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:01 PM Rethinking Epistemology Volume 2 Edited by Günter Abel and James Conant De Gruyter Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:01 PM Editors Prof.Dr.GünterAbel TechnischeUniversitätBerlin InstitutfürPhilosophie Straßedes17.Juni135 10623Berlin Germany e-mail:[email protected] Prof.Dr.JamesConant TheUniversityofChicago Dept.ofPhilosophy 1115E.58thStreet ChicagoIL60637 USA e-mail:[email protected] ISBN 978-3-11-027782-1 e-ISBN 978-3-11-027794-4 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ACIPcatalogrecordforthisbookhasbeenappliedforattheLibraryofCongress. BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataareavailableintheInternet athttp://dnb.dnb.de. (cid:2)2012WalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,Berlin/Boston Printing:Hubert&Co.GmbH&Co.KG,Göttingen (cid:2)Printedonacid-freepaper PrintedinGermany www.degruyter.com Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:01 PM Foreword The present volume is the second of two volumes which together form a publication which seeks to introduce a variety of new approaches to current problems in epistemology. Takentogetherthetwovolumesarethestartingvolumesof theBer- lin Studies in Knowledge Research series. They are intended to open the seriesandindicatesomeof thevarietyof topicstowhichthesubsequent forthcoming volumes will each be individually devoted. As the title which these volumes jointly bear – Rethinking Epistemology – indicates, their shared aim is to identify important topics in the theory of knowledge which have either been unduly neglected in recent philosophy or whose consequences for other areas of epistemology in particular and philosophy more generally have tended to remain unappreciated. This is therefore also the central aim of the present volume as well as one of the central aims of the entire series which this pair of volumes seeks to indicate. The series as a whole is animated by a number of subsidiary aims as well. It is closely associated, both in its selection of topics and its overall philosophical orientation, with the projects promoted by the Innova- tionszentrum Wissensforschung (IZW), or Center for Knowledge Research, at the Technische Universität Berlin. The goal of both the Center and the series is to foster systematic research into the variety of forms of knowledgethatthereare,aswellastouncoveraspectsof theirunder- lying unity. The handful of remarks that follow are intended to provide only the barest outline of the intellectual program of the Center and its associated publication series. (A detailed discussion of the variety of forms of research into the nature of knowledge here envisioned and of what makes them valuable is provided in the opening contribution to the first volume.) In offering these remarks here, in the Foreword to this collection, we do not mean to suggest that the contributors to this volume necessarily conceive of themselves as all engaged in a com- mon intellectual project, let alone the one sketched below. We mean rathermerelytosuggestthattheirwork,consideredcollectively,ishelp- fully viewed as marking a certain trend in recent work in analytic philosophy in both the Anglo-American and German academy – a trend which, on the one hand, marks a notable departure from the topics Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:06 PM VI Foreword and concerns which previously formed the staple of analytic epistemology and which, on the other hand, marks a movement in the direction of a more capacious understanding of what knowledge is and what the philosophical study of it might require. For the purposes of both the volume and the series, the conception of thedisciplineofepistemologyatworkthroughoutisintendedtobea maximally generous one – one which encompasses a study of the full variety of forms, practices and dynamics of knowledge, as well as their mutually interacting points of contact and their respective mecha- nismsof interpenetration.Itisthisgenerousconceptionof thediscipline of epistemology that is indicated by the German expression Wissensfor- schung and its regrettably unattractive English counterpart “knowledge research”. On this conception, the topics of mainstream epistemology, such as a posteriori perceptual and a priori inferential knowledge, are asked to take their place alongside the full spectrum of other forms of knowledge that come with the entire spectrum of human cognition, from thought, speech, and self-consciousness to action, skill, and virtue. Theseriestherebyseekstobringaboutanexpansionandrevisionof classic analytical conceptions of the philosophical disciplines of episte- mologyandthetheoryofscience.Thehopeistonudgethefuturephil- osophicalstudyof knowledgeintoanattitudeofgreateropennesstoin- terdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to its topic and to foster a greater appreciation of theirreducible plurality of the various forms of human knowledge. This leads to a reorientation of the discipline of epistemology,undoingsomeof itsartificialrestrictionsinitsconception of the scope of its topic, while introducing a greater emphasis on the heterogeneityofdifferentformsof knowledge,hopefullytherebyeffect- ing the possibility of a nuanced study of the ways in which these heter- ogeneous forms mutually impinge upon and condition one another. Some felt need for such forms of inquiry is reflected in the increasing profusion of partially overlapping terminological pairs – pairs such as “implicit/explicit”, “discursive/non-discursive”, “theoretical/practical”, “knowing-how/knowing-that”, “conceptual/non-conceptual”, “codifia- ble/uncodifiable”, “first-person/third-person”, personal/subpersonal”, and “normative/non-normative” – and an increasing appreciation of the ways in which none of the distinctions drawn by any of these terminological pairs manages to align all that perfectly with those drawn by any of the others. Althoughitformsalesscentralpartof theagendaof thepresentvol- ume than that of some of the forthcoming subsequent volumes, a sub- Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:06 PM Foreword VII sidiaryconcernof theseriesasawholeistohelpredefinethetraditional theoryofscience,aswellasthevarietyofrecentformsofsciencestudies which havesought toreplace it.Thehopeis tofostera greater dialogue betweentheseformsof inquiryandphilosophyproper,sothatthestudy of theacquisitionanddevelopmentofscientificknowledgecanbecome more philosophically systematic, while philosophical reflection on sci- ence can grow more sensitive and attentive to the genuine diversity and irreducible historicity of the forms of scientific knowledge which have proliferated over the centuries. Finally, the series will seek to foster reflection on the ways in which scientific and everyday ways of knowing overlap and diverge with one another,whileresistingthetendencytoholdupeitherasthestandardby which to measure the other. This last aspect of the orientation of the series reflects its concern with promoting proper philosophical reflection on the interface between the world as it is known to us in our everyday lives (what the Germans call the Lebenswelt) and the world as its nature is disclosed to us by the natural sciences – between what Wilfrid Sellars called the manifest image and the scientific image of the world. Philosophicalcomprehensionof therelationsinwhichthesetwoimages stand to one another requires an exploration of the manifold points at which philosophy, the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences all interact with one another. A number of the subsequent volumes in this series will seek to explore some of these transdisciplinary issues. A final aim of this publication series is to promote and facilitate intellectual exchange between European and Anglo-American scholars of knowledge. The hope is to draw attention to key writings by European researchers which have gone relatively unnoticed in the Anglo-Ameri- candiscussionandtopromoteabroaderconsciousnessofseminalrecent English-language contributions which have yet to be received in Eu- rope. Each volume will therefore contain contributions by both Anglo-AmericanandEuropeanscholarsworkingoncloselyrelatedtop- ics. The present volume of this new series has a focus which in one re- spectiscomparativelynarrowthanthatof theseriesasawhole:ittargets someof thecentralphilosophicalquestionsofepistemologyastheyhave been taken up in recent years by philosophers seeking to reshape our understanding of what knowledge is. The editors would like to express their indebtedness to a number of institutions and persons. First, we are grateful to the Technische Universität Berlin for establishing the Innova- Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:06 PM VIII Foreword tionszentrum Wissensforschung (Center for Knowledge Research). We would also like to thank the publishing house Walter de Gruyter (Berlin – New York) and above all Dr. Gertrud Grünkorn (Editorial Director) for supporting the idea of this series from its inception. We would also like to thank the staff of the Innovationszentrum Wissensforschung; without their effort and commitment the present volume would not have come into existence. Particularly, noteworthy in this regard were the services of Peter Remmers, Martin Wolf, Hadi Faizi, Can Atli, Katharina von Laer, Claudio Roller, Stefan Tolksdorf, Doris Schöps, Elisabeth Simon and Daniel Smyth (Chicago). Last but not least, we are indebted to the authors of this volume of the series. It is throughtheircontributionsthattheideaof“RethinkingEpistemology” has been converted from a possibility to an actuality. Günter Abel (Berlin) & James Conant (Chicago) Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/15/16 10:06 PM Contents James Conant Two Varieties of Skepticism ........................... 1 I. First-, Second-, and Third-Personal Knowledge Quassim Cassam Knowing What You Believe .......................... 77 David H. Finkelstein From Transparency to Expressivism ..................... 101 James Doyle OnFinkelstein’sAccountof theDistinctionbetweenConscious and Unconscious States of Mind ....................... 119 Will Small Practical Knowledge and the Structure of Action .......... 133 Matthias Haase Three Forms of the First Person Plural .................. 229 Benjamin McMyler Testimony, Address, and the Second Person............... 257 II. Knowledge and the Problem of Dualism John McDowell Tyler Burge on Disjunctivism .......................... 289 Thomas Lockhart Motivating Disjunctivism ............................. 309 Adrian Haddock Disjunctive Conceptions of Experience and Perceiving ...... 349 Brought to you by | Monash University Library Authenticated Download Date | 6/20/15 9:03 AM X Contents Martin Gustafsson Trusting One’s Senses: McDowell on Experience, Belief and Justification ........................................ 375 Matthew Boyle Essentially Rational Animals ........................... 395 Notes on Contributors ............................... 429 Index of Persons .................................... 431 Index of Topics ..................................... 435 Brought to you by | Monash University Library Authenticated Download Date | 6/20/15 9:03 AM