Rethinking Authority in Global Climate Governance: How transnational climate initiatives relate to the international climate regime PDF
Preview Rethinking Authority in Global Climate Governance: How transnational climate initiatives relate to the international climate regime
Rethinking Authority in Global Climate Governance Inthepastfewyears,numerousauthorshavehighlightedtheemergenceoftrans- nationalclimateinitiatives,suchascitynetworks,privatecertificationschemes, andbusinessself-regulationinthepolicydomainofclimatechange.Whilethese transnational governance arrangements can surely contribute to solving the problemofclimatechange,theirdevelopmentbydifferenttypesofsub-andnon- stateactorsdoesnotimplyaweakeningoftheintergovernmentallevel.Onthe contrary, many transnational climate initiatives use the international climate regimeasapointofreferenceandhaveadoptedvariousrulesandproceduresfrom internationalagreements. Rethinking Authority in Global Climate Governance puts forward this argument andexpandsuponit,usingcasestudiesthatsuggestthattheeffectiveoperationof transnational climate initiatives strongly relies on the existence of an interna- tionalregulatoryframeworkcreatedbynation-states.Thus,thisbookemphasizes the centrality of the intergovernmental process clustered around the United NationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andunderscores that multilateral treaty-making continues to be more important than many scholarsandpolicy-makerssuppose. Thisbookwillbeofgreatinteresttostudentsandscholarsofglobalenviron- mentalpolitics,climatechange,andsustainabledevelopment. ThomasHickmannisaResearchAssociateattheChairofInternationalPolitics, UniversityofPotsdam,Germany. Routledge Research in Global Environmental Governance Global environmental governance has been a prime concern of policy-makers sincetheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentin1972.Yet, despitemorethanninehundredmulti-lateralenvironmentaltreatiescominginto forceoverthepastfortyyearsandnumerouspublic-privateandprivateinitiatives tomitigateglobalchange,human-inducedenvironmentaldegradationisreaching alarming levels. Scientists see compelling evidence that the entire earth system nowoperateswelloutsidesafeboundariesandatratesthataccelerate.Theurgent challengefromasocialscienceperspectiveishowtoorganizetheco-evolutionof societies and their surrounding environment; in other words, how to develop effectiveandequitablegovernancesolutionsfortoday’sglobalproblems. Against this background, the Routledge Research in Global Environmental Governanceseriesdeliverscutting-edgeresearchonthemostvibrantandrelevant themeswithintheacademicfieldofglobalenvironmentalgovernance. Series Editors PhilippPattberg,VUUniversityAmsterdamandtheAmsterdamGlobal ChangeInstitute(AGCI),theNetherlands. AgniKalfagianni,VUUniversityAmsterdam,theNetherlands. ImprovingGlobalEnvironmental HowEffectiveNegotiation Governance ManagementPromotesMultilateral Bestpracticesforarchitecture Cooperation andagency Thepowerofprocessinclimate, NorichikaKanie,SteinarAndresen tradeandbiosafetynegotiations andPeterM.Haas KaiMonheim GlobalGovernanceofGenetic RethinkingAuthorityinGlobal Resources ClimateGovernance Accessandbenefitsharingafter Howtransnationalclimateinitiatives theNagoyaProtocol relatetotheinternationalclimate EditedbySebastianOberthür regime andG.KristinRosendal ThomasHickmann Rethinking Authority in Global Climate Governance How transnational climate initiatives relate to the international climate regime Thomas Hickmann Firstpublished2016 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2016ThomasHickmann TherightofThomasHickmanntobeidentifiedasauthorofthiswork hasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78ofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproduced orutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans, nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording, orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin writingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithout intenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Hickmann,Thomas. Rethinkingauthorityinglobalclimategovernance:howtransnational climateinitiativesrelatetotheinternationalclimateregime/ ThomasHickmann. pagescm.—(Routledgeresearchinglobalenvironmentalgovernance) Includesindex. 1.Climaticchanges—Internationalcooperation.2.UnitedNations FrameworkConventiononClimateChange(1992May9)I.Title. QC903.H542016 363.738'74526—dc23 2015019698 ISBN:978-1-138-93605-8(hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-67707-1(ebk) DissertationUniversityofPotsdam2014 TypesetinGoudy byFishBooksLtd. Contents Listoftables vii Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix 1 Introduction: the reconfiguration of authority in world politics 1 Overview 1 Sub-andnon-stateactorsinworldpolitics 2 Majorconceptsofinternationalrelationstheory 4 Outlineofthebook 9 Structure 13 2 The evolution of global climate governance 20 Thegrowingimportanceofsub-andnon-stateactors 20 Thedevelopmentofthepoliticalresponsetoclimatechange 21 Institutionalcomplexityinglobalclimategovernance 26 Researchgap 30 Focusofthebook 31 3 Setting the scene: theoretical background and analytical framework 38 Definingauthority 38 Theoreticalapproachestotheconceptofauthority 40 Researchdesign 49 Casestudies 52 Methodsofdatacollection 55 vi Contents 4 Transnational city networks: the ICLEI network 64 Overview 64 Theemergenceoftransnationalcitynetworksinglobalclimate governance 66 TheICLEInetworkandtheinternationalclimateregime 74 Summary 87 Conclusions 88 5 Private certification schemes: the Gold Standard for Carbon Offsets 97 Overview 97 Theemergenceofprivatecertificationschemesinglobalclimate governance 100 TheGoldStandardforCarbonOffsetsandtheinternational climateregime 112 Summary 126 Conclusions 127 6 Business self-regulation: the Greenhouse Gas Protocol 138 Overview 138 Theemergenceofbusinessself-regulationinglobalclimate governance 141 TheGreenhouseGasProtocolandtheinternationalclimate regime 150 Summary 163 Conclusions 165 7 Conclusions 177 Summary 177 Cross-casecomparison 179 Theoreticalimplications 188 Practicalrelevance 191 Outlook 193 AppendixI:listofinterviewsconducted 199 AppendixII:listofattendedmeetings 200 Index 201 Tables 3.1 Generalconceptualassumptionsandtheoreticalexpectationsfor theempiricalanalysis 52 3.2 Caseselectionfortheempiricalanalysis 54 4.1 Conceptualassumptionsandtheoreticalexpectationsforthe empiricalanalysisoftherelationshipbetweentheICLEInetwork andtheinternationalclimateregime 78 4.2 Mainfindingsfromtheanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenthe ICLEInetworkandtheinternationalclimateregime 89 5.1 Conceptualassumptionsandtheoreticalexpectationsforthe empiricalanalysisoftherelationshipbetweentheGoldStandard andtheinternationalclimateregime 116 5.2 Mainfindingsfromtheanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenthe GoldStandardandtheinternationalclimateregime 128 6.1 Conceptualassumptionsandtheoreticalexpectationsforthe empiricalanalysisoftherelationshipbetweentheGreenhouse GasProtocolandtheinternationalclimateregime 154 6.2 Mainfindingsfromtheanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenthe GreenhouseGasProtocolandtheinternationalclimateregime 166 7.1 Overviewofthemainfindingsfromtheanalysisoftherelationship betweendifferenttransnationalclimateinitiativesandthe internationalclimateregime 183 Acknowledgements Iamthankfultoseveralpeoplefortheirdirectandindirectcontributionstothis book. Special thanks go to Harald Fuhr and Markus Lederer, who were always supportive,guidedmeduringtheresearchprocess,andprovidedmewithfeedback, criticalquestions,andcomments.Mostimportantly,theyencouragedmetodesign theresearchprojectaccordingtomyownvisionandbeliefs.Iamalsogratefulto mycolleaguesattheUniversityofPotsdamwhohavebeenveryhelpfulinensuring anenjoyableworkingenvironment.Moreover,IwouldliketothankKarinBäck- strand,Per-OlofBusch,JessicaGreen,MatthewHoffmann,HannahJanetschek, SylviaKarlsson-Vinkhuyzen,AndreaLiese,PhilippPattberg,NinaReiners,Ingo Rohlfing, Miranda Schreurs, Heike Schroeder, Stacy VanDeveer, and Fariborz Zellifortheirusefulandconstructivecommentsonindividualchaptersandthe generalidea ofthe book. Beyond that, I am indebted to a numberof represent- atives of local governments, non-profit organizations, business associations, nationaldelegates,andinternationalbureaucratsinvolvedintheUnitedNations ClimateChangeConferencesforgivingmesomeoftheirtime.Theyofferedme indispensableinsightsintotheroleandfunctionofsub-andnon-stateactorsin global climate policy-making as well as into the formal and informal relations between transnational climate initiatives and the intergovernmental process clusteredaroundtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange. Andlast,butnotleast,Iwanttothankmypartner,JaninaBarkemeyer,whohas givenmeherunconditionalsupport,thankyouforthat! Abbreviations C40Group C40CitiesClimateLeadershipGroup COe Carbondioxideequivalent 2 GHG Greenhousegas GoldStandard GoldStandardforCarbonOffsets HFC-23 Trifluoromethane ICLEI InternationalCouncilforLocalEnvironmentalInitiatives Note:TheInternationalCouncilforLocalEnvironmental InitiativeswaslaterrenamedICLEILocalGovernmentsfor Sustainability ICMA InternationalCity/CountyManagementAssociation IULA InternationalUnionofLocalAuthorities IPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange LGMA LocalGovernmentsandMunicipalAuthorities NF Nitrogentrifluoride 3 OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationand Development UCLG UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimate Change
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