Restoration of Forests: Environmental Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe

446 Pages·1997·22.372 MB·English

by  Professor Richard M. Gutkowski Ph.D., P.E. (auth.), Professor Richard M. Gutkowski, Professor Tomasz Winnicki (eds.)

Restoration of Forests
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Series 2: Environment - Vol. 30
Restoration of Forests
Environmental Challenges
in Central and Eastern Europe
edited by
Richard M. Gutkowski
Department of Civil Engineering,
Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, U.S.A.
and
Tomasz Winnicki
Environmental Engineering Department,
Technical University of Wroctaw,
Poland
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Science and Technology 10 Save and Betler Utilize Central and Eastern Europe's
Forests
Saulberg, lower Bavaria, Germany
July 15-19, 1996
A C.I.P. Catalogue record lor this book is available Irom the library 01 Congfess
ISBN 0-7923-4634-3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface. ....................................................................................................................... xi
Directorate and Staff for the ARW........................................................................ xv
Opening Presentation
R.M. Gutkowski........ ................. .............. ....................... ................ ........ ........ .......... ... 3
Report of the Joint Study Tour
T. Winnicki ................................................................................................................... 11
Situation Papers
1. Pacyna and K. T ¢rseth..... ............... .......... ............ ................... ......... ........ ............. 15
Central European Hot Spots ofA ir Pollution
K. Rykowski.............................................................................................................. 37
Forest Depletion in Europe: Extent, Causes and Interpretations
T. Winnicki ................................................................................................................ 55
Options for Power Generation and Emission Control Technologies
State-of-the-Art Papers
A. Brady..................................................................................................................... 69
Forestry Area Recovery and Restructuring -Experience From Sherwood
Forest
G. Wegener................................................................................................................. 77
Increasing Public Awareness oft he Contribution ofF orestry and Wood
Utilization to Ecology
1. Natterer................................................................................................................... 97
Sustainable Economy ofF orestry and Value Added Utilization ofF orests:
The only chance to save the forests of the world
vi
Position Papers
Working Group 1-"Environmental Factors in Forest Depletion"
D. Ellsworth and J. 01eksyn...................................................................................... 121
Evaluating the Risk ofA ir Pol/ution to Forests in Central and Eastern
Europe
V. Henzlik. ................................................................................................................. 133
Forests and Air Pollution in the Czech Republic
M.M. Kaletnik, I.F. Buksha, O.M. Radchenko and O.S. Sidrov ................................. 151
Environmental Factors and State of Ukrainian Forests: Monitoring
and Impact Assessment
S. Sergeichik: .................................................. '" ................ ..................... ............. ....... 161
Air Pollution Impacts on Forest Trees and Biological Aspects oft he
Environment Optimization in Belarus
Position Papers
Working Group 2 -"Forest Growth, Expansion and Management"
F. Atanasiu ................................................................................................................. 179
Forest Accessibility and Sustainable Development
M. V. Chernyavsky........ ........................... .................. ................. .............. ........... ...... 195
Forests of Ukraine and Improvements ofF orest Management
L. Paule...... ... ................ ........... ...... .............. .... ..... ......... ........................ ............ ........ 205
The Role ofF orest Tree Breeding for the 21st Century
O. Schwarz.................................. ............... .... ........ ........................... ................. ....... 215
Management ofF orest Ecosystems in the Krkonose National Park,
Black Triangle Region, Czech Republic
G. F. Zak. .................................................................................................................... 227
Management and Utilization ofD amaged Forests in Central and
Eastern Europe
vii
Position Papers
Working Group 3 -"Forest Utilization for Raw Materials and Value Added
Products"
M.F. DrdackY .............................................................................................................. 239
Wood Products In Structures and Society -A Task for an
Interdisciplinary Scientific Approach
M.A. Gizejowski and P. Paschalis .............................................................................. 251
Harmonization ofF orest Resource Utilization and Housing
Development in Poland
R.M. Gutkowski........................................................................................................ 271
Timber Bridge Construction -A Value Added Use ofF orest Products
J. Kusar....... ............ ............ ............... .......... ...................... ............. ....... ........ ............ 293
The Relationship Between Forest Raw Material and the Construction
ofS loven ian Hay Rack
A.K. Kvedaras ............................................................................................................ 301
The Lithuanian Trends for Forest Utilization
H. Resch......... ............................. .... ....... ............ ... ..................... ............... ......... ....... 315
Research and Development Goals for Wood Technology in Austria
W. Winter. ................................................................................................................. 319
Building with Timber, A Possible Contribution to Solve Eastern
Europe's Economical and Ecological Problems?
Position Papers
Working Group 4 -"Socio-Economic Considerations for the Forest Resource"
M. st. Kostka ............................................................................................................. 333
Socio-Economic Challenges ofC entral and Eastern Europe's Forestry
Needs
P.J. Pellicane ............................................................................................................... 345
A Perspective on Issues Impacting the Profitable and Sustainable
Utilization ofF orest Ecosystem Resources
A.P. Petrov ................................................................................................................ 357
Economic and Financial Situation in Russian Forestry at the
Transition Period
viii
M. TaIIlasy-Bano ....................................................................................................... 365
Perspectives for the Future ofS ustainable Development in
Woodp rocessing and Manufacturing: some new solution in technology
for better and cheaper utilization of wood resources
T. Weber .................................................................................................................... 373
The Bavarian Programfor Using Renewable Energies - The biomass
network: new source of energy on the treshold to commercial viability
Technical Excursion to The Bavarian Forest
W. Duflher................................................................................................................. 389
Excursion with Furst Thurn und Taxis Forestry Forstamt Thiergarten
Working Group Reports
Working Group I
D. Ellsworth, V. Henzlik, 1. M. Pacyna, S. Sergeichik, T. Winnicki ......... 395
Environmental Factors in Forest Depletion
Working Group 2
F. Atanasiu, A. Brady, L. Paule, K. Rykowski, O. Schwarz, G. Zak .......... 399
Forest Growth, Expansion and Management
Working Group 3
M. Drdacky, M. Gizejowski, R.M. Gutkowski,1. Kusar, A. Kvedaras,
1. Natterer, H. Resch, W. Winter ................................................................. 401
Forest Utilization for Raw Materials and Value Added Products
Working Group 4
M. St. Kostka, P. Pellicane, M. TaIIlasy-Bano, T. Weber ........................... 409
Socio-economic Considerations for Forest Resources
Joint Working Group Reports
Working Groups I and 2 .............................................................................. 413
Working Groups 1 and 3 .............................................................................. 415
Working Groups 1 and 4 .............................................................................. 417
Working Groups 2 and 3 .............................................................................. 419
Working Groups 2 and 4 .............................................................................. 421
Working Groups 3 and 4 .............................................................................. 423
Joint Meeting of Working Group Leaders-Report
D. Ellsworth, A. Brady, M. Gizejowski, P. Pellicane .................................. 427
ix
Final Report of The Whole Delegation............ ......................... .......... ...... ............. 433
Summary Observations and Conclusions ............................................................. 439
Closing Remarks ....................................................................................................... 445
List of Contributors .................................................................................................. 447
Subject Index ............................................................................................................. 451
Preface
This publication is the written record of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW)
on "Science and Technology to Save and Better Utilize Central and Eastern Europe's
Forests". The objective of the workshop was to examine the environmental factors con
tributing to the rapid depletion of Central and Eastern Europe's Forests. The goal was to
determine a research action plan to help abate the impact, while sustaining or expanding
the forests, the economy and energy sufficiency of the region. The workshop convened
a multi-disciplinary group of experts to discuss the broad spectrum of environmental
issues related to utilizing the forests of Central and Eastern Europe. It was conceived
on the basis of the existing forest damage situation and identified potential for these
countries to work together to make improvements and mutually benefit from common
foci.
The whole of Central and Eastern Europe is undergoing an enormous transition, almost
transformation, in its entire social structure. The end of a communist era government in
many CP countries revealed a critical need to solve certain infrastructure problems in the
region. Modernization was needed in everything that affects everyday living, particularly
housing and commercial building construction, transportation, waterways and ports, and
energy production and utilities. Equally critical was the evident need to address extensive
environmental concerns created by past neglect of needed modernization. Engineering
the repair and replacement of the infrastructure of these changing societies within the
setting of fostering a more healthy and secure environment is an enormous challenge,
both technically and economically. Science and technology have vital roles in the tech
nical progress needed to fully adapt to a modem world. As a consequence of the recent
political changes in the region, the relationships between the countries and states have
been altered too. For peace and security in the region, it is critical to foster cooperation
in positive directions between the countries themselves as well as with Western nations.
One of the opportunities to do so is through joint scientific and technological efforts to
address regional environmental challenges.
For nearly 50 years, environmental contamination was rampant in former communist
parts of Europe. Old inefficient power and industrial plants demanded considerable
energy, principally coming from fossil fuels. Industrial air pollution had drawn negative
attention to mining and coal, steel, concrete and other materials producing industries.
Indeed, the extent was so grave that the area where the borders of Poland, the former East
Germany and the former Czechoslovakia come together became known as the "Black
Triangle". Published reports in the early 1980s characterized threats to survivability of
forests in Central Europe as acute, with forest damage spreading through the area with
frightening rapidity. In Central Europe, air pollutants from combustion of fossil fuels
and smelting of metallic ores were seriously undermining forests. About 2.4 million
acres were believed to be affected in the former Czechoslovakia and Poland. Scientists
predicted that 7 million acres in Poland would be lost if increased burning of the nation's
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