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Restoration of Forests: Environmental Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe PDF

446 Pages·1997·22.372 MB·English
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Restoration of Forests NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht. Boston and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. London. H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo I Global Environmental Change PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag I Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN. Via Galileo Galilei. 1-00044 Frascati. Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English. French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO PCO. Overijse. Belgium. Series 2: Environment - Vol. 30 Restoration of Forests Environmental Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe edited by Richard M. Gutkowski Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, U.S.A. and Tomasz Winnicki Environmental Engineering Department, Technical University of Wroctaw, Poland Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Science and Technology 10 Save and Betler Utilize Central and Eastern Europe's Forests Saulberg, lower Bavaria, Germany July 15-19, 1996 A C.I.P. Catalogue record lor this book is available Irom the library 01 Congfess ISBN 0-7923-4634-3 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Oordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved @ 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part 01 the malerial protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, ni cluding photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface. ....................................................................................................................... xi Directorate and Staff for the ARW........................................................................ xv Opening Presentation R.M. Gutkowski........ ................. .............. ....................... ................ ........ ........ .......... ... 3 Report of the Joint Study Tour T. Winnicki ................................................................................................................... 11 Situation Papers 1. Pacyna and K. T ¢rseth..... ............... .......... ............ ................... ......... ........ ............. 15 Central European Hot Spots ofA ir Pollution K. Rykowski.............................................................................................................. 37 Forest Depletion in Europe: Extent, Causes and Interpretations T. Winnicki ................................................................................................................ 55 Options for Power Generation and Emission Control Technologies State-of-the-Art Papers A. Brady..................................................................................................................... 69 Forestry Area Recovery and Restructuring -Experience From Sherwood Forest G. Wegener................................................................................................................. 77 Increasing Public Awareness oft he Contribution ofF orestry and Wood Utilization to Ecology 1. Natterer................................................................................................................... 97 Sustainable Economy ofF orestry and Value Added Utilization ofF orests: The only chance to save the forests of the world vi Position Papers Working Group 1-"Environmental Factors in Forest Depletion" D. Ellsworth and J. 01eksyn...................................................................................... 121 Evaluating the Risk ofA ir Pol/ution to Forests in Central and Eastern Europe V. Henzlik. ................................................................................................................. 133 Forests and Air Pollution in the Czech Republic M.M. Kaletnik, I.F. Buksha, O.M. Radchenko and O.S. Sidrov ................................. 151 Environmental Factors and State of Ukrainian Forests: Monitoring and Impact Assessment S. Sergeichik: .................................................. '" ................ ..................... ............. ....... 161 Air Pollution Impacts on Forest Trees and Biological Aspects oft he Environment Optimization in Belarus Position Papers Working Group 2 -"Forest Growth, Expansion and Management" F. Atanasiu ................................................................................................................. 179 Forest Accessibility and Sustainable Development M. V. Chernyavsky........ ........................... .................. ................. .............. ........... ...... 195 Forests of Ukraine and Improvements ofF orest Management L. Paule...... ... ................ ........... ...... .............. .... ..... ......... ........................ ............ ........ 205 The Role ofF orest Tree Breeding for the 21st Century O. Schwarz.................................. ............... .... ........ ........................... ................. ....... 215 Management ofF orest Ecosystems in the Krkonose National Park, Black Triangle Region, Czech Republic G. F. Zak. .................................................................................................................... 227 Management and Utilization ofD amaged Forests in Central and Eastern Europe vii Position Papers Working Group 3 -"Forest Utilization for Raw Materials and Value Added Products" M.F. DrdackY .............................................................................................................. 239 Wood Products In Structures and Society -A Task for an Interdisciplinary Scientific Approach M.A. Gizejowski and P. Paschalis .............................................................................. 251 Harmonization ofF orest Resource Utilization and Housing Development in Poland R.M. Gutkowski........................................................................................................ 271 Timber Bridge Construction -A Value Added Use ofF orest Products J. Kusar....... ............ ............ ............... .......... ...................... ............. ....... ........ ............ 293 The Relationship Between Forest Raw Material and the Construction ofS loven ian Hay Rack A.K. Kvedaras ............................................................................................................ 301 The Lithuanian Trends for Forest Utilization H. Resch......... ............................. .... ....... ............ ... ..................... ............... ......... ....... 315 Research and Development Goals for Wood Technology in Austria W. Winter. ................................................................................................................. 319 Building with Timber, A Possible Contribution to Solve Eastern Europe's Economical and Ecological Problems? Position Papers Working Group 4 -"Socio-Economic Considerations for the Forest Resource" M. st. Kostka ............................................................................................................. 333 Socio-Economic Challenges ofC entral and Eastern Europe's Forestry Needs P.J. Pellicane ............................................................................................................... 345 A Perspective on Issues Impacting the Profitable and Sustainable Utilization ofF orest Ecosystem Resources A.P. Petrov ................................................................................................................ 357 Economic and Financial Situation in Russian Forestry at the Transition Period viii M. TaIIlasy-Bano ....................................................................................................... 365 Perspectives for the Future ofS ustainable Development in Woodp rocessing and Manufacturing: some new solution in technology for better and cheaper utilization of wood resources T. Weber .................................................................................................................... 373 The Bavarian Programfor Using Renewable Energies - The biomass network: new source of energy on the treshold to commercial viability Technical Excursion to The Bavarian Forest W. Duflher................................................................................................................. 389 Excursion with Furst Thurn und Taxis Forestry Forstamt Thiergarten Working Group Reports Working Group I D. Ellsworth, V. Henzlik, 1. M. Pacyna, S. Sergeichik, T. Winnicki ......... 395 Environmental Factors in Forest Depletion Working Group 2 F. Atanasiu, A. Brady, L. Paule, K. Rykowski, O. Schwarz, G. Zak .......... 399 Forest Growth, Expansion and Management Working Group 3 M. Drdacky, M. Gizejowski, R.M. Gutkowski,1. Kusar, A. Kvedaras, 1. Natterer, H. Resch, W. Winter ................................................................. 401 Forest Utilization for Raw Materials and Value Added Products Working Group 4 M. St. Kostka, P. Pellicane, M. TaIIlasy-Bano, T. Weber ........................... 409 Socio-economic Considerations for Forest Resources Joint Working Group Reports Working Groups I and 2 .............................................................................. 413 Working Groups 1 and 3 .............................................................................. 415 Working Groups 1 and 4 .............................................................................. 417 Working Groups 2 and 3 .............................................................................. 419 Working Groups 2 and 4 .............................................................................. 421 Working Groups 3 and 4 .............................................................................. 423 Joint Meeting of Working Group Leaders-Report D. Ellsworth, A. Brady, M. Gizejowski, P. Pellicane .................................. 427 ix Final Report of The Whole Delegation............ ......................... .......... ...... ............. 433 Summary Observations and Conclusions ............................................................. 439 Closing Remarks ....................................................................................................... 445 List of Contributors .................................................................................................. 447 Subject Index ............................................................................................................. 451 Preface This publication is the written record of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Science and Technology to Save and Better Utilize Central and Eastern Europe's Forests". The objective of the workshop was to examine the environmental factors con tributing to the rapid depletion of Central and Eastern Europe's Forests. The goal was to determine a research action plan to help abate the impact, while sustaining or expanding the forests, the economy and energy sufficiency of the region. The workshop convened a multi-disciplinary group of experts to discuss the broad spectrum of environmental issues related to utilizing the forests of Central and Eastern Europe. It was conceived on the basis of the existing forest damage situation and identified potential for these countries to work together to make improvements and mutually benefit from common foci. The whole of Central and Eastern Europe is undergoing an enormous transition, almost transformation, in its entire social structure. The end of a communist era government in many CP countries revealed a critical need to solve certain infrastructure problems in the region. Modernization was needed in everything that affects everyday living, particularly housing and commercial building construction, transportation, waterways and ports, and energy production and utilities. Equally critical was the evident need to address extensive environmental concerns created by past neglect of needed modernization. Engineering the repair and replacement of the infrastructure of these changing societies within the setting of fostering a more healthy and secure environment is an enormous challenge, both technically and economically. Science and technology have vital roles in the tech nical progress needed to fully adapt to a modem world. As a consequence of the recent political changes in the region, the relationships between the countries and states have been altered too. For peace and security in the region, it is critical to foster cooperation in positive directions between the countries themselves as well as with Western nations. One of the opportunities to do so is through joint scientific and technological efforts to address regional environmental challenges. For nearly 50 years, environmental contamination was rampant in former communist parts of Europe. Old inefficient power and industrial plants demanded considerable energy, principally coming from fossil fuels. Industrial air pollution had drawn negative attention to mining and coal, steel, concrete and other materials producing industries. Indeed, the extent was so grave that the area where the borders of Poland, the former East Germany and the former Czechoslovakia come together became known as the "Black Triangle". Published reports in the early 1980s characterized threats to survivability of forests in Central Europe as acute, with forest damage spreading through the area with frightening rapidity. In Central Europe, air pollutants from combustion of fossil fuels and smelting of metallic ores were seriously undermining forests. About 2.4 million acres were believed to be affected in the former Czechoslovakia and Poland. Scientists predicted that 7 million acres in Poland would be lost if increased burning of the nation's Xl

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