Restoration of boreal and temperate forests

552 Pages·2015·83.77 MB·English

by  Stanturf, John A

FORESTRY Second Edition
Stanturf
Second Edition
Restoration of
Boreal and Temperate Forests B
RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff
o
r
e
“The second edition… provides further authoritative illustrations of good practice and sound recommendations
a
to help improve policy, investment, and management.”
BBoorreeaall aanndd
l
—Peter R. Burbridge, Professor Emeritus for Coastal Science and Management, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
England, UK a
R
n
“… draws upon contributions from more than 65 science and management experts to detail the current e
d
state of restoration knowledge and practice for boreal and temperate forests around the world. Foundational s TTeemmppeerraattee FFoorreesstt ss

chapters provide [a] rich synthesis of important terminology, concepts, fundamentals, and principles of Tt
forest restoration advancing through this rapidly progressing field ...” eo
—Emile S. Gardiner, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA r
m
a
“... Stanturf has brought together an impressive group of contributors from many countries to discuss what pt
has been happening in a large number of temperate and boreal regions. He has also sought to link these i
eo Edited by
evolving field practices with current debates in theoretical restoration ecology concerning restoration goals
rn
and methodologies. I expect this book to become a key text in [the] future for those looking for ways to a John A. Stanturf

restore forest cover ...”
to
—David Lamb, University of Queensland, Australia e
f

F
Humans have influenced the landscapes and forests throughout the temperate and boreal zones for o
millennia. Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests, Second Edition focuses on the negative r
impact of human activity, and explains the importance of forest restoration as a way to repair habitat, e
restore forest structure and function, and counteract the lasting effects of humanity. The book offers broad s
geographic coverage, as well as a combination of review and case study chapters providing social and t
policy contexts for restoration of specific forest types. s
This revised edition begins with a historical context for restoration, provides a conceptual framework
for understanding the relationship between degradation and restoration, and defines terms within
that framework. While building on the first edition, it presents the response of restorationists to Second
the current challenges of interpreting scattered science on forest history, stand development, and
Edition
natural processes. It combines applicable experience designed to improve present and future ecological
and social sustainability.
K21700
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
an informa business
2 Park Square, Milton Park
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com
K21700_cover.indd 1 7/8/15 11:00 AM

Second Edition
Restoration of
Boreal and
Temperate Forests
Integrative Studies in
Water Management and Land Development
Series Editor
Robert L. France
Published Titles
Boreal Shield Watersheds: Lake Trout Ecosystems
in a Changing Environment
Edited by J. M. Gunn, R. J. Steedman, and R. A. Ryder
The Economics of Groundwater Remediation and Protection
Paul E. Hardisty and Ece Özdemiroğlu
Environmental Restoration and Design for Recreation and Ecotourism
Robert L. France
Forests at the Wildland–Urban Interface: Conservation and Management
Edited by Susan W. Vince, Mary L. Duryea, Edward A. Macie, and L. Annie Hermansen
Handbook of Water Sensitive Planning and Design
Edited by Robert L. France
Handbook of Regenerative Landscape Design
Robert L. France
Land Use Scenarios: Environmental Consequences of Development
Allan W. Shearer, David A. Mouat, Scott D. Bassett, Michael W. Binford,
Craig W. Johnson, Justin A. Saarinen, Alan W. Gertler, and Jülide Kahyağlu-Koračin
Managing Energy, Nutrients, and Pests in Organic Field Crops
Edited by Ralph C. Martin and Rod MacRae
Porous Pavements
Bruce K. Ferguson
Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests, Second Edition
Edited by John A. Stanturf
Restorative Redevelopment of Devastated Ecocultural Landscapes
Robert L. France
Wetland and Water Resource Modeling and Assessment:
A Watershed Perspective
Edited by Wei Ji
Second Edition
Restoration of
Boreal and
Temperate Forests
Edited by
John A. Stanturf
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20150601
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-1197-9 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................................vii
Editor................................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ....................................................................................................................................xi
1. What Is Forest Restoration? ..................................................................................................1
John A. Stanturf
2. What Is a Natural Forest? ....................................................................................................17
Richard H.W. Bradshaw
3. Effects of Restoration at the Stand Level .........................................................................37
Chadwick D. Oliver, Kevin L. O’Hara, and Patrick J. Baker
4. Integrating Ungulate Herbivory into Forest Landscape Restoration ........................69
Thomas P. Rooney, Rita Buttenschøn, Palle Madsen, Carsten Riis Olesen,
Alejandro A. Royo, and Susan L. Stout
5. Site Preparation Techniques for Forest Restoration ......................................................85
Magnus Löf, Back Tomas Ersson, Joakim Hjältén, Tomas Nordfjell,
Juan A. Oliet, and Ian Willoughby
6. Developing Restoration Strategies for Temperate Forests Using Natural
Regeneration Processes .....................................................................................................103
Holger Fischer, Franka Huth, Ulrike Hagemann, and Sven Wagner
7. Plantations: Forests: Wilderness: The Diversity of Forest Landscapes
in Europe as a Consequence of Social Change, Technological Progress,
and Disturbance ..................................................................................................................165
Norbert Weber and Sandra Liebal
8. Afforestation and Land Use Dynamics in the Baltic States ......................................187
Kalev Jõgiste, Marek Metslaid, and Veiko Uri
9. Afforestation in Denmark ................................................................................................201
Palle Madsen, Finn A. Jensen, and Søren Fodgaard
10. Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation in the Republic of Korea ..............................217
Don Koo Lee, Pil Sun Park, and Yeong Dae Park
11. Forest Landscape Restoration in China: A Case Study in the Minjiang
River Watershed, Southwest China ................................................................................233
Shirong Liu, Jiangming Ma, and Ning Miao
12. Restoration and Ecosystem-Based Management in the Circumboreal
Forest: Background, Challenges, and Opportunities .................................................251
Timo Kuuluvainen, Yves Bergeron, and K. David Coates
v
vi Contents
13. Integrating Forest Restoration into Mainstream Land Management
in British Columbia, Canada ............................................................................................271
Tanis L. Gower, Philip J. Burton, and Mike Fenger
14. A Hundred Years of Woodland Restoration in Great Britain: Changes in the
Drivers That Influenced the Increase in Woodland Cover ........................................299
Ralph Harmer, Kevin Watts, and Duncan Ray
15. Irish Peatland Forests: Lessons from the Past and Pathways
to a Sustainable Future ......................................................................................................321
Florence Renou-Wilson and Kenneth A. Byrne
16. Forest Restoration in the French Massif Central Mountains ....................................337
Philippe Balandier and Bernard Prévosto
17. Conversion of Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) Forests in Europe ............355
Jörg Hansen and Heinrich Spiecker
18. Restoration of Conifer Plantations in Japan: Perspectives for Stand
and Landscape Management and for Enabling Social Participation .......................365
Takuo Nagaike
19. Restoration of Open Oak Woodlands in Mediterranean Ecosystems
of Western Iberia and California ....................................................................................377
Mariola Sánchez-González, Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo, Fernando Pulido,
Vanda Acácio, Doug McCreary, and Isabel Cañellas
20. Restoration of Midwestern Oak Woodlands and Savannas ......................................401
Daniel C. Dey and John M. Kabrick
21. Restoration of Oak Forests (Quercus humboldtii) in the Colombian Andes:
A Case Study of Landscape-Scale Ecological Restoration Initiatives in
the Guacha River Watershed ............................................................................................429
Andres Avella, Selene Torres, Luis Mario Cárdenas, and Alejandro A. Royo
22. Restoring Longleaf Pine Forest Ecosystems in the Southern United States ..........445
Dale G. Brockway, Kenneth W. Outcalt, Donald J. Tomczak, and Everett E. Johnson
23. Restoring Dry and Moist Forests of the Inland Northwestern United States .......467
Theresa B. Jain and Russell T. Graham
24. Options for Promoting the Recovery and Rehabilitation of Forests
Affected by Severe Insect Outbreaks .............................................................................495
Philip J. Burton, Miroslav Svoboda, Daniel Kneeshaw, and Kurt W. Gottschalk
25. Restoring Boreal and Temperate Forests: A Perspective ............................................519
John A. Stanturf
Preface
This second edition of Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests builds on the first edition
by bringing many chapters up-to-date and adding some additional ecosystems. All
authors in the first edition were given the option to revise their chapters or write some-
thing new. Some authors declined to do either; not surprisingly, some authors had retired
or taken new positions and could not devote the time to revising. New chapters add new
perspectives and set this edition apart from the first; these new chapters include the effects
of ungulates (Rooney et al.), site preparation techniques (Löf et al.), natural regeneration
for restoration (Fischer et al.), watershed restoration in China (Liu et al.), oak woodlands
and savannah in the Midwestern United States (Dey and Kabrick), Andean oak forests in
Colombia (Avella et al.), and recovery from severe insect outbreaks (Burton et al.).
The idea for the first edition arose on a field trip to view restoration research in Iceland
that led to a conference that was held in Vejle, Denmark in 2002 under the auspices of the
International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO). The editors of that edition
(Stanturf and Madsen) and many of the authors continue to be active in IUFRO and main-
tain the network of forest restoration researchers. The editors used this IUFRO network
to send out the call for authors to contribute to this revised second edition. Unfortunately,
Palle Madsen—one of the editors of the first version—regrettably had to decline editorial
participation in this second edition because of other commitments.
Many people and organizations richly deserve my thanks for their support of both
editions of this book. The US Forest Service Southern Research Station has supported
me throughout. In particular, I wish to thank Dr. Peter Roussopoulos, retired Director
of the Southern Research Station, and Prof. Niels Elers Koch, retired Dean and Director,
University of Copenhagen, for their enthusiastic support from the very beginning. This
book is a collaboration of many scientists and practitioners from around the world. I wish
to thank those who contributed directly to this volume as authors, coauthors, and review-
ers; and the many others whose field excursions, conference presentations, and thoughtful
discussions broadened my knowledge and sharpened the concepts presented here. The
authors are to be commended for their diligence, perseverance, and commitment to pro-
ducing a quality addition to the forest restoration literature.
I relied on many external reviewers who read, commented, and offered valuable sug-
gestions for improving individual chapters. The reviewers include Christian Ammer,
Andreas Bolte, Richard Bradshaw, Philip Burton, Wayne Clatterbuck, Catherine Colet,
Robert Deal, Daniel Dey, Emile Gardiner, Eric Gustafson, Björn Hånell, Allison Hester,
Todd Hutchinson, Mikko Hypponen, Theresa Jain, Kier Klepzig, Brian Roy Lockhart,
Magnus Löf, William (Bill) Mason, Kevin O’Hara, Chadwick D. Oliver, Yeong-dae Park,
David L. Peterson, Nelson Thiffault, Jean-Pierre Tremblay, Carl Trettin, Alberto Vilagrosa,
Hiromi Yamagawa, and Toshiya Yoshida.
Eileen, my long-suffering wife, deserves the most gratitude for putting up with yet
another book.
John A. Stanturf
Athens, Georgia
vii