Restoration and Recovery of Shallow Eutrophic Lake Ecosystems in The Netherlands: Proceedings of a conference held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 18–19 April 1991

293 Pages·1992·22.47 MB·English

by  Louis Van Liere

Restoration and Recovery of Shallow Eutrophic Lake
Ecosystems in The Netherlands
Developments in Hydrobiology 74
Series editor
H. J. Dumont
Restoratio n an d Recover y of Shallo w
Eutrophi c Lak e Ecosystem s
in Th e Netherland s
Proceedings of a conference held in Amsterdam,
The Netherlands, 18-19 April 1991
Edited by
Louis Van Liere & Ramesh D. Gulati
Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, vol. 233 (1992)
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Restcation and recovery of shallow eutrophic lake ecosystems in the
Netherlands : proceedingisj of a conrerence held in Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, 16-19 April 1991 / edited by Louis van Liere & Ramesh
D. Gu1 at l .
p. cm. — (Developments in hydrotnology ; v. 74)
"Reprinted from hydrobiologia, vol. 233 (1992)."
ISBN 978-94-010-5073-9 ISBN 978-94-011-2432-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2432-4
1. Lake eco1ogy--Nether1 anas—Loosarecnt—Congresses. 2. Water
quality—Nether 1ands--Loosdrecht—Congresses. 3. Lake renewal¬
-Netherlands—Congresses. 4 . Eutrophication--Control—Nether 1ands-
-Congresses. I. Liere, Louis van. II. Gulati, R. D.
III. Hydrobiologia. IV. Series: Developments in hydrobiology ; 74.
QH159.R47 1992
333.91 63153'Q9492--dc2C 92-12305
ISBN 978-94-010-5073-9
The image on the front cover is a LAND SAT Thematic Mapper water quality concentration map
on the basis of the 5 July 1987 band 2 [green] image (left) and the red band 3 image (right). For
further explanation see the article of Dekker et ah on page 137.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1992 Springer-Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owners.
Dedicated to Sikko Parma
on the occasion ofhis retirement
April 1, 1992
vii
Contents
Preface . IX
List ofreferees . Xl
Sikko Parma, limnologist, environmentalist and scientific manager
by L. Van Liere, R. D. Gulati, B. Z. Salome, J. Ringelberg, C. Davids & K. Bakker xiii
Part one: Aspects of water quality research in Loosdrecht lakes
Working group Water Quality Research Loosdrecht Lakes: its history, structure, research pro
gramme, and some results
by L. Van Liere, S. Parma & R. D. Gulati .
The state ofthe environment ofthe Loosdrecht lakes
by J. J. Hofstra & L. Van Liere . 11
The hydrology ofthe Loosdrecht lakes area
by G. B. Engelsen, B. F. M. Kal, J. J. Buyse & F. G. M. Van Pruissen . 21
Phosphorus in the sediment of the Loosdrecht lakes and its implications for lake restoration
perspectives
by P. Keizer & A. J. C. Sinke . 39
Coupling of phytoplankton and detritus in a shallow, eutrophic lake (Lake Loosdrecht, The
Netherlands)
by H. J. Gons, T. Burger-Wiersma, J. H. Otten & M. Rijkeboer . 51
Dynamics ofphytoplankton detritus in a shallow, eutrophic lake (Lake Loosdrecht, The Nether
lands)
by J. H. Otten, H. J. Gons & M. Rijkeboer . 61
The dynamics and role oflimnetic zooplankton in Loosdrecht lakes (The Netherlands)
by R. D. Gulati, A. L. Ooms-Wilms, O. F. R. Van Tongeren, G. Postema & K. Siewertsen
69
P-Ioad, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish stock in Loosdrecht Lake and Tjeukemeer: con
founding effects ofpredation and food availability
by E. H. R. R. Lammens, P. J. Boesewinkel-de Bruyn, H. Hoogveld & E. Van Donk .... 87
Restoration and resilience to recovery ofthe Lake Loosdrecht ecosystem in relation to its phos
phorus flow
by L. Van Liere & J. H. Janse . 95
Multivariate analysis ofthe plankton communities in the Loosdrecht lakes: relationship with the
chemical and physical environment
by O. F. R. Van Tongeren, L. Van Liere, R. D. Gulati, G. Postema & P. J. Boesewinkel-
de Bruyn . 105
A mathematical model ofthe phosphorus cycle in Lake Loosdrecht and simulation ofadditional
measures
by J. H. Janse, T. Aldenberg & P. R. G. Kramer . 119
Remote sensing as a tool for assessing water quality in Loosdrecht lakes
by A. G. Dekker, T. J. Malthus, M. M. Wijnen & E. Seyhan . 137
VIII
Water quality research in the Loosdrecht lakes: proposals for the follow-up restoration measures
by M. A. De Ruiter 161
The significance ofthe Loosdrecht lakes research project for eutrophication policy in the Nether
lands
by H. W. Kroes 165
Water quality research in Loosdrecht lakes: the salient features
by R. D. Gulati & L. Van Liere 171
Publications ofthe workgroup WQL (Water Quality Research Loosdrecht Lakes) 1983 - present
by L. Van Liere 179
Part two: Eutrophication research in The Netherlands, with emphasis on additional measures
Theinfluenceofflushingonnutrientdynamics,compositionanddensitiesofalgaeandtransparency
in Veluwemeer, The Netherlands
by E. Jagtman, D. T. Van der Molen & S. Vermij 187
Lake restoration with and without dredging of phosphorus-enriched upper sediment layers
by J. Van Der Does, P. J. T. Verstraelen, P. C. M. Boers, J. Van Roestel, R. Roijackers &
G. Moser 197
Fixation of phosphorus in lake sediments using iron(III)chloride: experiences, expectations
(extended abstract)
by P. C. M. Boers, J. Van Der Does, M. Quaak, J. C. Van Der Vlugt & P. A. Walker. .. 211
Fisheries management as an additional lake restoration measure: biomanipulation scaling-up
problems
by J. C. Van Der Vlugt, P. A. Walker, J. Van Der Does & A. J. P. Raat 213
The effects ofdredging and fish stocking on the trophic status of shallow, peaty ditches
by I. R. M. Hovenkamp-Obbema & W. Fieggen 225
Eutrophication control strategies for three shallow Vecht lakes in the province of North Holland
by P. J. T. Verstraelen, J. Wisserhof, Lj. Rodic & R. Eijsink ......................... 235
Restoration of fen ecosystems in the Vecht River plain: cost-benefit analysis of hydrological
alternatives
by A. Barendregt, S. M. E. Starn & M. J. Wassen 247
Phosphorus eutrophication in the SW Frisian lake district. 1. Monitoring and assessment of a
dynamic mass balance model
by H. J. W. J. Van Huet 259
Phosphoruseutrophicationinthe SW Frisian lakedistrict. 2. Phosphorus balances and simulation
ofreduction scenarios
by H. J. W. J. Van Huet 271
Part Three: Europhication control in The Netherlands
Restoration and recovery of shallow eutropic lake ecosystems in The Netherlands: epilogue
by L. Van Liere & R. D. Gulati 283
Hydrobiologia 233, 1992.
L. Van Liere & R. D. Gulati(eds). Restoration andRecoveryofShallowEutrophic Lake Ecosystems in The Netherlands. IX
Preface
The Symposium on 'Restoration and Recovery of Shallow Eutrophic Ecosystems in The Netherlands'
was held on April 18 and 19, 1991 in Amsterdam at the residence ofthe Royal Netherlands Academy
ofArtsand Sciences.Thisbookpresentstheresultsofaten-yearstudycarriedoutbythemultidisciplinary
working group WQL (Water Quality research Loosdrecht lakes), and discusses these findings with
colleagueswhohavealsobeenengagedinwatermanagementmeasurestocombateutrophicationoflakes
other than the Loosdrecht lakes.
It was the second WQL symposium, the first having taken place in Amsterdam in 1985, when WQL
presented its 'state ofthe art', and discussed future research with invited specialists, both Dutch and
foreign. In addition there were special sessions devoted to WQL's research at the SIL congres in Lyon
(1983) and Munich (1989). Also at the Conference 'Ecosystem Research in Freshwater Environment
Recovery', organized by the Commission of the European Communities (Pallanza, 1990), WQL
participants contributed richly.
The participants at this final WQL Symposium in Amsterdam were scientists working atinstitutes or
Dutchministries,involvedinenvironmentalaffairs,andfromregionalwaterauthoritiesand scientifically
oriented water quality managers. The Symposium deliberations had a more national character and so
the papers were presented in Dutch. Because the workinggroup WQL was funded largely by the Dutch
ministries and regional authorities (although the contribution of the Commission of the European
Communities was considerable), the Symposium was a good opportunity for the WQL to demonstrate
howjudiciallyit utilized its resources, especially the funds. About 170 people attended the Symposium,
so the target number ofthe Symposium Organizing Committee was achieved.
The papers presented were divided into two sessions: the first represented the WQL participants (14
oral presentations) and the second (4 review papers and 7 posters presentations) represented the
non-WQL participants. It is almost impossible to summarize all the aspects investigated by WQL
between 1979 and 1990. This would require reviewing 135 scientific publications to date (the list is
presented in this volume). Thus, the authors were requested to present in their contributions the
quantitative phosphorus flux in the compartments studied as a central theme, paying special attention
to supplementary measures to combat eutrophication.
It has resulted in papers that portray the state of the different aquatic environments, especially
pertaining to ecological assessment oftheir water quality, complex hydrology, and interactions at the
sediment-waterinterface,aswellasbetweenphytoplankton,detritus,zooplanktonandfish. Anoverview
ofthe food chain in Loosdrecht lakes is given, and light shed on the relationships between the physical
chemicalenvironmentontheonehand, andbetweenphytoplankton and zooplanktonontheother,using
multivariate analysis. The vast amount ofdata collected and processes studied by the WQL, made it
worthwhile to attempt mathematical modelling. The logistics employed and the infrastructuredeveloped
by the WQLfacilitated groundtruth verification oftheremote sensing studies. Two authorsfrom outside
the WQL were invited to give critical analysis ofthe WQL research: Dr H. W. Kroes (the Ministry of
Housing, Physical Planning and Environment), who dealt with the significance of WQL for national
eutrophication policy in The Netherlands, and Ir. M. A. De Ruiter (the Province ofUtrecht, the Water
QualityAuthorityinthe Loosdrechtlakesarea)whoemphasizedespeciallywhatthe Provincehasgained
from the WQL research in decision-making for further activities on the restoration ofLoosdrechtlakes.
Moreover, the papers and posters presented by the non-WQL colleagues in the second session had
x
acriticallook ateutrophicationresearch, morefrom apracticalpointofview. Mostofthese studies were
directed to additional measures, since they were carried out at institutes dealing with regional water
problems, and atrestoration measures such as flushing, dredging,chemomanipulation andbiomanipula
tion, either in isolation or in combination.
The Symposium, which ended with a vigourous but stimulating discussion on the contributions, was
chairedby Dr H. M. DeBoois (theChairwoman oftheWaterPollution ControlAuthority oftheAmstel
and Gooiland) with as members of the panel: Ir. M. A. De Ruiter; Dr H. W. Kroes; Dr S. Parma
(Director ofthe Limnological Institute and Secretary ofthe WQL Board); Dr L. Van Liere (the WQL's
Research-Coordinator, and one ofthe undersigned) and Drs P. J. T. Verstraelen (the Water Pollution
Control Authority ofthe Amstel and Gooiland). The deliberations reaffirmed the complex nature ofthe
shallow lake ecosystem, especially those driven to a state ofhypertrophy by decades of uninterrupted
eutrophication. Thattheeutrophication should bereduced primarily by decreasingthe inputs ofexternal
nutrients, and that secondary measures can hasten the recovery process and reduce the ecosystem
resilience, was a general consensus.
The Symposium Organization Committee consisted ofJeannine Ebert, Cecilia C. C. Janssen-Kroon,
HermanJ. Gons and Henk De Haan, all from the LimnologicalInstitute and was chaired by Louis Van
Liere from the National Institute ofPublic Health and Environmental Protection. The Symposium was
financially supported by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, the
Limnological Institute and the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection.
We, as editors, are highly obliged to the referees for their critical reviews and suggestions. Each
manuscript was sent to at least two referees, one ofthem a native ofan English-speaking country for
linguistic improvements; the second was generally a Dutch colleague, acquainted with the geographical
situation and regional problems. They all responded very promptly, sparing us the need to send extra
reminders, or look for alternative referees. The authors too were generally cooperative, with a few
exceptions.
We are very grateful to Cecilia C. C. Janssen-Kroon. Not only was she one ofthe organizers ofthe
Symposium, she also skilfully handled the editorial correspondence.
On the front cover ofthis volume there is an image ofthe LANDSAT Thematic Mapper. We thank
Arnold Dekker, who prepared the image for the Loosdrecht lakes area; The International Journal of
Remote Sensing is acknowledged for the permission to use the image.
From the inception ofthe WQL Dr S. Parma (Director ofthe Limnological Institute) has been one
ofthedrivingforces; asaSecretaryoftheWQLBoardheexhibitedgreatinterestinWQLandcontributed
significantly to its successful outcome. We dedicate this volume to Sikko Parma on the occasion ofhis
retirement on April 1, 1992.
January 6, 1992 LOUIS VAN LIERE, Bilthoven
RAMESH D. GULATI, Nieuwersluis
Hydrobiologia 233, 1992.
L. Van Liere & R. D. Gulati(eds), Restoration andRecoveryofShallow EutrophicLake Ecosystems in The Netherlands. Xl
List of referees
Loogman, J. G., European Parliament, Luxem
bourg.
Malthus, T. J., Univ. of Nottingham, Dept. of
Physiol. and Environmental Sciences, U.K.
Auer, M. T., Michigan Technol. University, Moss, B., Univ. ofLiverpool, Dept. ofEnviron
Dept. ofCivil Engineering, Michigan, U.S.A. mental and Evolutionary Biology, U.K.
Bailey-Watts, A. E., Institute ofTerrestrial Ecol Nawalany, N., University ofWarsaw, Poland.
ogy, Edinburgh Research Station, Scotland, Rhee, G.-Y., School ofPublic Health, SUNY at
U.K. Albany, NY State Dept. of Health, Albany,
Blom,G., Agricultural UniversityatWageningen, U.S.A.
Dept. Of Nature Conservation, The Nether Parma, S., Limnological Institute, The Nether
lands. lands.
Boers, P. C. M., National Institute of Integral Roijackers, R. M. M., Agricultural University at
Freshwater Management, The Netherlands. Wageningen, Dept. of Nature Conservation,
Buyse, J. J., IWACO Consultants, The Nether The Netherlands.
lands. Schot, P. P., University of Utrecht, Dept. of
Cooke, G. D., Kent State University, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, The Netherlands.
Biological Sciences, Ohio, U.S.A. Ter Braak, K., National Institute ofnature Con
Curran, P. J., University of Sheffield, Dept. of servation, The Netherlands.
Geography, U.K. Van Donk, E., Agricultural University at Wage
DeHaan,H.,LimnologicalInstitute,TheNether ningen, Dept. of Nature Conservation, The
lands. Netherlands.
DePinto, J. V., SUNY at Buffalo, New York, Van Huet, H., University of Nijmegen, The
U.S.A. Netherlands.
Donze, M., Technical University at Delft, Van Liere, L., NationalInstituteofPublic Health
Limnological Laboratory, The Netherlands. and Environmental Protection, The Nether
Gibson, C. E., Fresh Water Biological Unit. lands.
Dept. ofAgriculture, Northern Ireland, U.K. Van Straaten, G., Agricultural University at
Gons, H. J., Limnological Institute, The Nether Wageningen, Dept. ofAgricultural Techniques
lands. and Agricultural Physics, The Netherlands.
Gulati,R. D.,LimnologicalInstitute,TheNether Van Tongeren, O. F. R., Limnological Institute,
lands. The Netherlands.
Higler, L. W. G., National Institute of Nature Van Vierssen, W., Institute for Hydraulic and
Conservation, The Netherlands. Environmental Engineering, The Netherlands.
Hosper, S. H., National Institute for Integral Verstraelen, P. J. T., Water Authority of Amstel
Freshwater Management, The Netherlands. and Gooiland, The Netherlands.
Jewson, D., The University ofUlster, Limnology Vijverberg,J.,LimnologicalInstitute,TheNether
Laboratory, Northern Ireland, U.K. lands.
Keizer, P., Limnological Institute, The Nether Walsby, A. E., University of Bristol, Dept. of
lands. Botany, U.K.
Klapwijk, S. P.,WaterAuthorityofRijnland,The Winfield, I.,InstituteofFreshwater Ecology, The
Netherlands. Windermere Laboratory, U.K.
Latour, J., National Institute of Public Health Young,T. c.,Clarkson University, Dept. ofCivil
and Environmental Protection, The Nether and Environmental Engineering, New York,
lands. U.S.A.