Responding to Violent Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises A Guide to Participants Edited by Pamela Aall · Dan Snodderly Responding to Violent Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises · Pamela Aall Dan Snodderly Editors Responding to Violent Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises A Guide to Participants Foreword by Jane Holl Lute Editors Pamela Aall Dan Snodderly United States Institute of Peace United States Institute of Peace Washington, DC, USA Washington, DC, USA ISBN 978-3-030-59462-6 ISBN 978-3-030-59463-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59463-3 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such namesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreefor general use. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinforma- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmaps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Maram_shutterstock.com This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Over the past several decades, the international community has learned many lessons from military and humanitarian interventions in Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, among other places. Foremost among these lessons might be the importance of grounding international engagement in the understanding that no single organization or government can do all that needs doing, and that successful engagement always entails a collaboration of effort among numerous and quite different institutions that frequently operate in sepa- ratespheres.Thecomplexityofinternationalinterventionsisalsoreflected intheincreasedtendenciesofdonorgovernmentsandinternationalorga- nizations to act in partnership with host country government institutions and civil society. The nature of violent conflict continues to evolve, with the growing roleofnon-stateactorsandageneralproliferationoforganizationalpres- ences in the field. The challenges grow more difficult by the day, as peacekeepers and humanitarian workers alike struggle with their tasks in the midst of a global pandemic—Covid-19—now sweeping the globe, afflicting the vulnerable and able alike. In response to these challenges, the field of peacebuilding has evolved through lessons learned, new technological developments, and the changing nature of violent conflict. It has expanded its scope to include relief, protection of human rights, trauma-healing services, repatriation v vi FOREWORD of refugees and resettlement of internally displaced persons, and aid for economic reconstruction. Atthesametime,thehumanitarianfieldhasincorporatedconflictreso- lution and peacebuilding into its programming. The practice of peace- keeping has also come under pressure in recent years as well, with heightened expectations, broadened mandates, demands for enhanced effectiveness, and continued reform efforts. One of the most important lessons learned is that the major groups involved in peacebuilding—international organizations, non- governmental organizations, civilian government agencies, and mili- taries—comefromverydifferentcultures.Theydonotalwaysunderstand each other. While substantial efforts have been made to increase coop- eration and collaboration among these groups, given the serious chal- lenges and the constantly changing cast of characters in the field and at headquarters, there is still a long way to go. In my experience at the United Nations and for the U.S. government, the need for effective, collaborative responses to these crises remains crit- ical.Atthiswriting,theUnitedNationsestimatesthat168millionpeople need help and protection in crises. The Covid-19 pandemic will increase thatnumberdramatically.Thisbookispartofthesolutionbyhelpingthe principal institutions carry out their missions, in ways that are both more informed and more effective. Washington, USA Jane Holl Lute Special Envoy for the UN Secretary-General on the Cyprus Dispute Jane Holl Lute isspecialenvoyfortheUnitedNationssecretary-generalonthe CyprusdisputeandpreviouslyservedasUNassistantsecretary-generalforpeace- keeping. While at the United Nations, she also led the Office of Peace Building SupportandtheDepartmentofFieldSupport.LuteservedasU.S.deputysecre- tary for homeland security and on the National Security Council staff under presidents George H. W. Bush and William Clinton. She had a distinguished careerintheUnitedStatesArmy,includingserviceintheGulfduringOperation Desert Storm. She holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University and a J.D. from the GeorgetownUniversityLawCenter.LuteisamemberoftheBoardofDirectors of the Center for Internet Security and the Atlantic Council. Preface Responding to Violent Conflicts and Humanitarian Crises is a substan- tially revised and updated edition of the Guide for Participants in Peace, Stability, and Relief Operations, published by USIP Press in 2007. That book was itself a substantial revision of an earlier book, Guide to IGOs, NGOs, and the Military in Peace and Relief Operations, published by USIPPressin2000.InanonlinesurveyconductedbyJimRufandKelly Mader-Schonour in 2018, respondents overwhelmingly supported publi- cation of a new edition, and we gathered the current team to complete that task. We have changed the book’s title to reflect changes in the international environment and the fact that all the chapters have been extensively, if not entirely, rewritten. Audience This guide is designed primarily for those serving in the field, but it should also be helpful to headquarters personnel, as well as military and agency trainees and university students. Furthermore, previous editions were added to the reading lists of a number of undergraduate courses in conflict resolution, security studies, and international relations, and were also used in military training institutions. vii viii PREFACE What’s New in This Edition All the sections of this edition have been substantially revised to reflect current conditions and the latest research on best practices. Specific changes to each part are noted below. Chapter 1, Introduction, describes the purpose of the book and looks at the on-again off-again nature of the international communi- ty’s response to conflict and crises over the years, the evolving nature of conflict, and the continuing need for international actors to understand andlearnhowtoworkmosteffectivelywithotheractorsoperatinginthe same space. Chapter 2 on International Organizations describes the three types of international organizations: the United Nations system, regional and sub-regional organizations, and other intergovernmental organizations outside the UN system that are built upon cultural, linguistic, religious, or historic ties, as well as international humanitarian organizations. We have expanded the material on regional and sub-regional organi- zations and on intergovernmental organizations outside the UN system. We have also provided a comprehensive overview of the various types of UN peace operations (in addition to peacekeeping operations), including political missions, police missions, and human rights missions. Chapter 3 on NGOs describes non-governmental organizations that respond to humanitarian emergencies, natural disasters, and violent conflicts and provide peacebuilding, long-term development, and advo- cacy. It provides basic information regarding the structure, staff and missions of NGOs found in peace, stabilization, and relief operations. We have added a discussion of the growth of civil society as an impor- tant component of peacebuilding as well as the challenges of on-the- ground coordination among the NGO community and between NGOs and other civilian and military actors. Chapter 3 also discusses the differ- ence between neutrality and impartiality in terms of humanitarian assis- tance, as well as the pros and cons of NGO activity and the issues being debated within the NGO world itself. Chapter 4 on Civilian Government Agencies describes the array of U.S. government agencies encountered on the ground in peace and relief operations including the traditional foreign affairs departments— State, USAID, Defense, Commerce, and Agriculture—but also Treasury, Justice, Homeland Security, and Health and Human Services. Although PREFACE ix this chapter deals mostly with U.S. agencies, it also includes sections on agencies in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Japan, and Canada. In addition, we have focused on efforts to improve the capacities of civilian agencies in complex operations. We have added new mate- rial on the legal authorities and appropriations constraints that agencies operate under, coordination across agencies, and monitoring and evalua- tion,aswellasasectiononhumanitarianresponseunderUSAID’sgeneral direction. Chapter 5 on The U.S. Military retains the focus on the values, culture, organizational structure, and doctrine of the U.S. military, but has been updated to reflect the military engagements in Afghanistan and Iraq, especially the increasing use of private security contractors in peace and stabilization operations. In addition to describing the functional and geographic commands, as well as the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard, and (briefly) Space Force services, the chapter covers such key information as how to “read” a military uniform, types of military funding and appropriate uses, and the best ways to interact with the U.S. military. These five chapters do not reflect the entire universe of third party participants that respond to conflict in fragile states. Nor do they cover the important contribution of local actors, both official and non-official, in bringing peace. Because they are operating in the same environment, however, the book should be as useful to these other parties as it is to U.S. military and civilians, UN officials, and NGO staff. Washington, USA Pamela Aall Dan Snodderly Acknowledgments Like many books, this one has a long and complicated history, and that meansmanypeoplehavecontributed,inonewayoranother,toitsdevel- opment and publication. When we first visited the U.S. Army Peace- keeping Institute (PKI) in Carlisle, PA, in 1996, we were planning on discussing ways we might collaborate on educational projects including a book. We never dreamed we would be working on a completely revised, updated, and renamed version of that book 20 years later. Thislongjourneybeganin2000withpublicationoftheGuidetoIGOs, NGOs, and the Military in Peace and Relief Operations (USIP Press), conceived of and designed by Dr. Judith Stiehm of Florida International University, at that time a visiting professor at PKI, and Pamela Aall, then director of education at USIP. The authors were Thomas Weiss, City University of New York, on intergovernmental organizations; Lt. Col. Daniel Miltenberger, PKI, on the military; and Pamela Aall on NGOs. A second edition, expanded to include civilian agencies and entitled Guide for Participants in Peace, Stability, and Relief Operations (USIP Press), was published in 2007. The volume editor was Robert Perito, a formerU.S.ForeignServiceofficeranddirectorforsecuritysectorgover- nance at USIP, working with a steering committee that consisted of Col. John Agoglia, PKSOI (PKI had added Stability Operations to its name); Christopher Hoh, U.S. Department of State; Dawn Calabia, UN Infor- mationCenter;RoyWilliams,CenterforHumanitarianCooperation;and Karen Guttieri, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. xi