Responding to Oil Spills in the US Arctic Marine Environment PDF
Preview Responding to Oil Spills in the US Arctic Marine Environment
This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18625 Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment Committee on Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine ISBN Environment; Ocean Studies Board; Polar Research Board; Division of Life 978-0-309-29886-5 and Earth Studies; Marine Board; Transportation Research Board; National 250 pages Research Council 7 x 10 PAPERBACK (2014) Visit the National Academies Press online and register for... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 10% off print titles Custom notification of new releases in your field of interest Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment RESSPONDING TO OIL SPPILLS IN THHE U.S. ARRCTIC MARRINE ENVIIRONMENTT PREPUBLLICATION DDRAFT Committee on Respondding to Oil Sppills in the UU.S. Arctic MMarine Envirronment Ocean Studies Boaard DDivision of EEarth and Liffe Studies Polar RResearch Board DDivision of EEarth and Liffe Studies Maarine Board Transportattion Researchh Board THEE NATIONAAL ACADEMMIES PRESSS Washhington, D.CC. wwww.nap.edu PREPUBBLICATION COPY Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Funding for this study was provided by the U.S. Arctic Research Commission, the American Petroleum Institute under grant number 2011-105958, the U.S. Coast Guard under cooperative agreement number DTMA1H11001, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management under purchase order number M11PX00116 and Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement under purchase order number E12PX00061, the Marine Mammal Commission under purchase order number DC-260-79EC085782, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under contract number WC133R-11-CQ-0048, the Oil Spill Recovery Institute under grant number 12-10-02, and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data or International Standard Book Number 0-309-0XXXX-X Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-XXXXX Cover photograph provided by Richard Glenn, Arctic Slope Regional Corporation. Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; Internet, http://www.nap.edu/. Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment The Natiional Acadeemy of Sciennces is a privvate, nonprofit, self-perppetuating socciety of distinguished scholarrs engaged inn scientific aand engineerring researchh, dedicated to the furtherannce of sciencce and technoology and too their use foor the generaal welfare. UUpon the authorityy of the chartter granted too it by the CCongress in 11863, the Accademy has aa mandate thhat requires iit to advise tthe federal ggovernment oon scientific and techniccal matters. DDr. Ralph J. Ciceronee is presidentt of the Natioonal Academmy of Sciencces. The Natiional Acadeemy of Engineering wass establishedd in 1964, unnder the charrter of the National Academy of Sciences, aas a parallel organizationn of outstandding engineeers. It is autonomous in its addministrationn and in the sselection of iits members, sharing witth the Nationnal Academyy of Sciences the responsibility for aadvising the federal goveernment. Thhe National Academyy of Engineeering also sponsors enginneering proggrams aimedd at meeting nnational neeeds, encouragges educationn and researcch, and recognizes the suuperior achieevements off engineers. Dr. C. D. Moote, Jr., is preesident of thhe National AAcademy of Engineeringg. The Instiitute of Meddicine was eestablished inn 1970 by thhe National AAcademy off Sciences to secure thhe services off eminent mmembers of apppropriate professions inn the examinnation of pollicy matters ppertaining to the health oof the public.. The Instituute acts undeer the responnsibility giveen to the Natioonal Academmy of Sciencees by its conngressional ccharter to be an adviser tto the federal governmment and, upoon its own innitiative, to iddentify issuees of medicaal care, reseaarch, and educationn. Dr. Harveey V. Finebeerg is presideent of the Innstitute of Meedicine. The Natiional Researrch Councill was organized by the NNational Acaademy of Sciences in 1916 to associatee the broad community oof science annd technologyy with the AAcademy’s ppurposes of furthering knowledgee and advisinng the federaal governmeent. Functionning in accoordance withh general ppolicies deterrmined by thhe Academy, the Counciil has becomme the princippal operatingg agency oof both the NNational Acaddemy of Scieences and thhe National AAcademy off Engineeringg in providingg services too the governmment, the puublic, and thee scientific aand engineering communities. The CCouncil is admministered joointly by botth Academiees and the Innstitute of Medicinee. Dr. Ralphh J. Ciceronee and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr.., are chair aand vice chaiir, respectiveely, of the Naational Reseaarch Council. wwww.nationall-academiess.org PREPUBBLICATION COPY Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment COMMITTEE ON RESPONDING TO OIL SPILLS IN ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTS Dr. Martha R. Grabowski (Chair), Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York Dr. Thomas Coolbaugh, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Fairfax, Virginia Mr. David F. Dickins, DF Dickins and Associates, LLC, La Jolla, California Mr. Richard Glenn, Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, Barrow, Alaska Dr. Kenneth Lee, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia Mr. William (Lee) Majors, Alaska Clean Seas, Prudhoe Bay Dr. Mark D. Myers, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Dr. Brenda L. Norcross, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Dr. Mark Reed, SINTEF, Norway VADM Brian Salerno,1 BIMCO, Washington, D.C. Dr. Robert Suydam, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska Dr. James M. Tiedje (NAS), Michigan State University, East Lansing Dr. Mary-Louise Timmermans, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Dr. Peter Wadhams, Cambridge University, United Kingdom Polar Research Board Liaisons Molly McCammon - Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, Alaska Caryn Rea – ConocoPhillips, Anchorage, Alaska National Research Council Staff Deborah Glickson, Senior Program Officer Lauren Brown, Associate Program Officer, Polar Research Board Stacee Karras, Research Associate Heather Chiarello, Senior Program Assistant (until April 2013) Payton Kulina, Program Assistant (from June 2013) 1 Resigned from the committee. v PREPUBLICATION COPY Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment PREFACE Balance. This is an important word in the Arctic, an area that serves as an integrator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, and also an area where choices made have substantial impact on the Arctic and its neighbors. Many competing forces co-exist and collide in the Arctic: harsh environmental conditions, economic drivers, science and technology capabilities, logistical and infrastructure challenges, ecosystem protection needs, food security concerns, and the needs of traditional cultures and societies. Balancing the needs and requirements of these forces is part of the challenge and opportunity presented in the complex, large-scale system that is the Arctic. Within this context, the National Research Council was asked by eight sponsors who represent many of these drivers to consider the adequacy and sufficiency of resources, technology, research, manpower, funding and logistics to respond to an Arctic oil spill. The committee sought to balance in its work traditional and scientific knowledge of the Arctic and of oil spill response operations, engineering, technology, policies, procedures and equipment. It considered the needs and concerns of the committee's sponsors; government, public, private, for- and not-for-profit organizations; citizens and organizations with Arctic interests; and the needs and interests of Arctic inhabitants. The committee also considered lessons learned from events and case studies from oil spill response efforts around the world. The committee's work was enhanced by the participation and input provided by a number of individuals, organizations, and groups, many of whom are listed elsewhere in this report. The committee solicited input from workshop participants, speakers and experts across the spectrum of traditional knowledge, science, engineering, vessel and oil spill operations, and regulatory and government affairs. The committee's work was also enhanced by the insight, experience, and collegiality of its globally distributed members, as it followed the tenets of an earlier National Research Council (1996) report, to "get the science right and get the right science; to get the participation right and get the right participation; and to develop an inclusive and thoughtful analytic-deliberative process." The result is a report that considers the adequacy of and needs for oil spill response in the U.S. Arctic, drawing on the wisdom and expertise of many in and of the Arctic, and that considers significant challenges in an important ecosystem. It was my privilege to work with our committee; our project sponsors; our study director, Deb Glickson; Polar Research Board Associate Program Officer Lauren Brown; Ocean Studies Board Director Susan Roberts; Marine Board Directors Joedy Cambridge and Scott Brotemarkle; and the rest of the National Academies staff during the course of this study. Thank you all for sharing your wisdom and insight. May we meet again in future endeavors. ---M. Grabowski vii PREPUBLICATION COPY Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of meetings held as part of this study. The committee would like to acknowledge those who gave presentations at committee meetings: Bill Adams (RESTCo), Doug Baird (NOAA), Geoff Baker (Crowley), Mary Baker (NOAA), Lawson Brigham (UAF), Christy Bohl (BSEE), Gene Brooks (Maersk), Harry Brower, Jr. (North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management), Larry Dietrick (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation), Hajo Eicken (UAF), Michael Faust (ConocoPhillips), Jeffrey Ferguson (NOAA), Adrian Gall (ABR Inc.), Larry Hinzman (UAF), Charles Hopson, John Hopson, Jr. (Wainwright Public Works), Christopher Ives (RESTCo), Christopher Krenz (Oceana), Nettie La Belle-Hamer (UAF), Joe LoSciuto (ASRC Energy Services), Joe Mello Leavitt, Amy Merten (NOAA), Vince Mitchell (Lamor), RADM Thomas Ostebo (U.S. Coast Guard), Ed Owens (Owens Coastal Consultants Ltd), Ed Page (Marine Exchange), Shirish Patil (UAF), Vladimir Romanovsky (UAF), Stan Senner (Ocean Conservancy), Gay Sheffield (UAF), Kirk Sherwood (BSEE), Brad Smith (NOAA), Mark Swanson (Prince William Sound RCAC), Fran Ulmer (U.S. Arctic Research Commission), Peter van Tuyn (World Wildlife Fund), Peter Velez (Peter Velez Engineering LLC), Glen Watabayashi (NOAA), Thomas Weingartner (UAF), and Peter Winsor (UAF). The committee would also like to thank Karissa Goessl and Patrick Curtin of LeMoyne College, who assisted at the committee’s third meeting in Fairbanks, Alaska. This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in their review of this report: Per Johan Brandvik, SINTEF Marine Environmental Technology Lawson Brigham, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Bill Eichbaum, World Wildlife Fund John Farrington, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Jacqueline Grebmeier, University of Maryland Molly McCammon, Alaska Ocean Observing System Humphrey Melling, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Joseph Mullin, Joseph Mullin Consulting Partha Patra, Columbia University Stephen Potter, SL Ross Environmental Research Limited Ponisseril Somasundaran (NAE), Columbia University Wilford Weeks (NAE), University of Alaska, Fairbanks (emeritus) Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by ix PREPUBLICATION COPY Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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