Respiratory Physiology: People and Ideas PDF
Preview Respiratory Physiology: People and Ideas
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY American Physiological Society People and Ideas Series Circulation of the Blood: Men and Ideas Edited by Alfred P. Fishman and Dickinson W. Richards 1982 Renal Physiology: People and Ideas Edited by Carl W. Gottschalk, Robert W. Berliner, and Gerhard H. Giebisch 1987 Endocrinology: People and Ideas Edited by S.M. McCann 1988 Membrane Transport: People and Ideas Edited by Daniel C. Tosteson 1989 August & Marie Krogh: Lives in Science Bodil Schmidt-Neilsen 1995 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY People and Ideas Edited by John B. West Springer New York 1996 Copyright © 1996 by the American Physiological Society Originally published by American Physiological Society in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 All rights reserved. No pan of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Respiratory physiology : people and ideas I edited by John B. West. p. em. Includes bibliographies. ISBN978-1-4614-7520-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7520-0 1. Respiratory organs-Physiology-History. I. West, John B. (John Burnard) II. American Physiological Society (1887- ) [DNLM: 1. Respiration-physiology. 2. Lung-physiology. 3. Physiology-history. WF 11.1 R4341996] QP121.R464 1996 612.2-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 95-33371 987654321 PREFACE P resent-day respiratory physiology stems largely from the explosion of ideas that took place during and after World War II. We are fortunate that a number of the major players are still active, but the opportunity to prepare personal accounts of their advances will soon be lost. In a sense, therefore, this book offers an excep tional, even unique, historical perspective. It has been observed by others that respiratory physiology frequently enjoys a surge of activity in time of war, and this was certainly true during World War II. To cite one well-known example, probably only a war could have brought together the group that flourished under Wallace Fenn at the University of Rochester, New York, and laid the foundations of modern respiratory mechanics. As Otis and Rahn (2) wrote, It may seem incongruous that a group of individuals with such diverse and unrelated interests (Lee Chadwick was studying Drosophila flight, Hermann Rahn was develop ing a bioassay method in frogs for testing intermedin hormone of the pituitary, and Arthur Otis was studying the activation and inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase in grasshopper eggs) could put aside these activities to participate and collaborate effec tively in a project on pressure breathing. There are other examples of how the urgent needs of war have brought together people from widely divergent disciplines with spectacular results. Because many articles and books already deal with aspects of the history of physiology and related disciplines, potential readers may well ask what justifies the People and Ideas series from the American Physiological Society (APS). The main objective of these volumes is to elucidate how contemporary ideas in physiology developed during the twentieth century. In other words, the thrust of the books is to bring the history of each topic close to the present day. The series consists of four volumes covering the history of the circulation of the blood (edited by Fishman and Richards), renal physiology (edited by Gottschalk, Berliner, and Giebisch), endocrine physiology (edited by McCann), and membrane vi PREFACE transport (edited by Tosteson). A few years ago, the History Subcommittee of the Publications Committee of the APS recommended adding a fifth book, on the his tory of respiratory physiology. The twelve chapters in this volume are divided into five sections: Morphology, Gas Exchange and Blood flow, Mechanics, Control of Ventilation, and Comparative Physiology. Obviously, a book of such limited size must necessarily exclude many important areas of respiratory physiology. A factor in the selection of contributors and topics was other historical materials currently available in closely related areas. These include the comprehensive chapter on respiratory mechanics by Otis (1), the book edited by Wagner and Weir (4), which contains many delightful historical vignettes in the area of pulmonary circulation and gas exchange, and the chapters by Otis and Rahn (2) and Riley (3). Some of the chapters in this book are personal accounts of the development of an area of respiratory physiology as seen by the author. It is hoped that what is lost in objectivity by this approach is more than made up by the interesting insights into how the topic was seen to develop through the eyes of one of the principal propo nents. All history is subjective to some degree; some of these chapters are more subjective than others. Thanks are due to the History Subcommittee of the Publications Committee of the APS, where the original idea for this book was conceived; to my Administrative Assistant, Amy Clay, for her unfailing efficiency; to Brenda Rauner, Publications Manager of the APS; and to Jeffrey House and his colleagues at Oxford University Press. REFERENCES 1. Otis, A. B. History of respiratory mechanics. In: Handbook of Physiology, section 3: The respiratory system, edited by A. P. Fishman, P. T. Macklem, and J. Mead. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1986. 2. Otis, A. B. and H. Rahn. Development of concepts in Rochester, New York, in the 1940s. In: Pulmonary Gas Exchange, vol. 1, Ventilation, blood flow, and diffusion, edited by]. B. West. New York: Academic Press, 1980. 3. Riley, R. L. Development of the three-compartment model for dealing with uneven distribution. In: Pulmonary Gas Exchange, vol. 1, Ventilation, blood flow, and diffusion, edited by J. B. West. New York: Academic Press, 1980. 4. Wagner, W. W. and E. K. Weir. The Pulmonary Circulation and Gas Exchange. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co., 1994. La jolla, Calif. J. B. W. October 1995 CONTENTS Contributors, ix PART I MORPHOLOGY 1. The Structural Basis of Lung Function, 3 EtOald R. VVeibel PART II GAS EXCHANGE AND BLOOD FLOW 2. Transfer of Gas by Diffusion and Chemical Reaction in Pulmonary Capillaries, 49 Robert E. Forster II 3. Blood Gas Transport and Analysis, 75 Poul Astrup and John VV. Severinghaus 4. Lung Liquid and Solute Exchange, 108 Norman C. Staub, Sr. 5. Pulmonary Blood Flow and Gas Exchange, 140 John B. VVest PART III MECHANICS 6. Mechanics of Lung and Chest Wall, 173 ]ere Mead 7. Lung Surface Tension and Surfactant: The Early Years, 208 john A. Clements 8. Modern History of Respiratory Muscle Physiology, 230 Peter T. Macklem PART IV CONTROL OF VENTILATION 9. Rhythm Generation, 251 Curt von Euler viii CONTENTS 10. The History of Chemoreception, 289 Robert S. Fitzgerald and Sukhamay Lahiri 11. Airway and Pulmonary Afferents and Reflexes: A Historical Survey, 319 John Widdicombe and Giuseppe Sant' Ambrogio PART V COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 12. A Brief History of Comparative Respiratory Physiology: Some Ideas and Their Proponents, 355 S. Marsh Tenney Index, 409 CONTRIBUTORS Poul Astrup Jere Mead University of Copenhagen Department of Environmental Copenhagen, Denmark Science and Physiology School of Public Health John A. Clements Harvard University Cardiovascular Research Institute Boston, Massachusetts University of California, San Francisco Giuseppe Sant' Ambrogio San Francisco, California Department of Physiology and Robert S. Fitzgerald Biophysics Departments of Environmental University of Texas, Galveston Health Sciences, Physiology, Galveston, Texas and Medicine John W. Severinghaus Johns Hopkins University Anesthesia Research Laboratory Baltimore, Maryland University of California, Robert E. Forster II San Francisco Department of Physiology San Francisco, California University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Norman C. Staub, Sr. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Cardiovascular Research Institute Department of Physiology Sukhamay Lahiri University of California, Department of Physiology San Francisco University of Pennsylvania San Francisco, California School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania S. Marsh Tenney Peter T. Macklem Department of Physiology McGill University Dartmouth Medical School Montreal, Canada Lebanon, New Hampshire
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