Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction PDF
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Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO ARCHAEOLOGY Series Editor: Michael Jochim, University of California, Santa Barbara Founding Editor: Roy S. Dickens, Jr., Late of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Editorial Board: Lewis R. Binford, Southern Methodist University Jane E. Buikstra, University of Chicago Charles M. Hudson, University of Georgia Stephen A. Kowalewski, University of Georgia William L. Rathje, University of Arizona Stanley South, University of South Carolina Bruce Winterhalder, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Richard A. Yarnell, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST AND MESOAMERICA Systems of Prehistoric Exchange Edited by Jonathon E. Ericson and Timothy G. Baugh APPROACHES TO CULTURE CONTACT Ethnohistorical and Archaeological Perspectives on Change Edited by J. Daniel Rogers and Samuel M. Wilson ECOLOGY AND HUMAN ORGANIZATION ON THE GREAT PLAINS Douglas B. Bamforth FROM KOSTENKI TO CLOVIS Upper Paleolithic-Paleoindian Adaptations Edited by Olga Soffer and N. D. Praslov HOLOCENE HUMAN ECOLOGY IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA Edited by George P. Nicholas HUNTER-GATHERERS Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory Robert L. Bettinger THE INTERPRETATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPATIAL PATTERNING Edited by Ellen M. Kroll and T. Douglas Price THE PLEISTOCENE OLD WORLD: Regional Perspectives Edited by Olga Soffer POTTERY FUNCTION A Use-Alteration Perspective James M. Skibo RESOURCES, POWER, AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTION Edited by Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban SPACE, TIME, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES Edited by Jacqueline Rossignol and LuAnn Wand snider Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction Edited by EDWARD M. SCHORTMAN and PATRICIA A. URBAN Kenyon College Gambier, Ohio Springer Science+Business Media, LLC ISBN 978-1-4419-3220-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-6416-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-6416-1 © 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992 Ali rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Rani T. Alexander • Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albu querque, New Mexico 87131 J. Stephen Athens • International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., 949 McCully Street, Suite 5, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826 Gary M. Feinman • Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Mary W. Helms • Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412 Philip L. Kohl· Department of Anthropology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mas sachusetts 02181 Linda M. Nicholas • Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Robert S. Santley • Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albu querque, New Mexico 87131 Edward M. Schortman • Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022 Steadman Upham • The Graduate School, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1219 Patricia A. Urban • Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022 Phil C. Weigand' Department of Anthropology, Museum of Northern Arizona, Route 4, Box 720, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001 Peter S. Wells • Center for Ancient Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Joseph W. Whitecotton • Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Nor man, Oklahoma 73019 v Preface Archaeological research on interregional interaction processes has recently reasserted itself after a long hiatus following the eclipse of diffusion studies. This "rebirth" was marked not only by a sudden increase in publications that were focused on interac tion questions, but also by a diversity of perspectives on past contacts. To perdurable interests in warfare were added trade studies by the late 196Os. These viewpoints, in turn, were rapidly joined in the late 1970s by a wide range of intellectual schemes stimulated by developments in French Marxism (referred to in various ways; termed political ideology here) and sociology (Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems model). Researchers ascribing to the aforementioned intellectual frameworks were united in their dissatisfaction with attempts to explain sociopolitical change that treated in dividual cultures or societies as isolated entities. Only by reconstructing the complex intersocietal networks in which polities were integrated-the natures of these ties, who mediated the connections, and the political, economic, and ideological significance of the goods and ideas that moved along them-could adequate ex planations of sociopolitical shifts be formulated. Archaeologists seemed to be re discovering in the late twentieth century the importance of interregional contacts in processes of sociopolitical change. The diversity of perspectives that resulted seemed to be symptomatic of both an uncertainty of how best to approach this topic and the importance archaeologists attributed to it. It was within this context that we decided that archaeologists and others inter ested in interaction processes might be well served by an attempt to sort through the different major viewpoints on ancient intersocietal interaction. This led us to organ ize, in 1987, a symposium at the Society for American Archaeology meeting in Toronto, where active researchers, who were representing the world systems, po litical ideology, and warfare perspectives, kindly agreed to present their views. We were so encouraged by the results of this session that we decided to bring these papers to the printed page so that they could be made available to as wide an audience as possible. The result is the present volume. Built on revised and updated versions of most of the papers of the Toronto meeting, the current collection also includes contributions of scholars who were unable to attend the 1987 meeting. Our vii viii PREFACE goal has not been to achieve some sort of consensus among the authors concerning the best way to approach the study of ancient contacts among polities. Rather, we want the reader to appreciate how researchers operating from world systems, polit ical ideology, and warfare perspectives investigate and explain the significance of intersocietal interaction in processes of sociopolitical change. We will, to be sure, draw some conclusions of our own on the ways in which interregional interactions are systemically and predictably related to shifts in sociopolitical organization. The goal of the book is not to advance our perspective, however. Instead, we will be satisfied if the reader draws some inspiration of his or her own from the collected papers and comes to a better understanding of the dynamic and exciting quality of current interaction research. The choice of world systems, political ideology, and warfare as the interaction perspectives represented here is determined by our impression that these viewpoints currently dominate archaeological discussions of intersocietal contact processes. The book is organized into parts containing the chapters that are devoted to each of these viewpoints, introduced in all three cases by brief overviews that set the intellectual context for the chapters to follow. An introductory chapter investigates historical patterns in archaeological considerations of interaction processes. The concluding chapter draws together themes from the preceding chapters and offers some sugges tions for the construction of a coherent paradigm through which ancient interaction patterns and their relations to sociopolitical change might be investigated. More so than most publications, edited volumes are truly cooperative efforts. Such books rise or fall on the quality and cooperation of their contributors. We therefore extend our heartfelt gratitude to the authors represented here, not only for the work they invested in their excellent contributions, but also for their patience and understanding throughout the lengthy publication process. We also wish to thank David Webster, one of the original Toronto participants, for his stimulating paper and commentary on the original session back in 1987. Our thanks are also extended to Eliot Werner of Plenum Press and Michael Jochim for seeing the value of the manu script, and to Eliot Werner in particular for his considerable help in all stages of editing and publication. The collection, especially our own chapters, was greatly improved thanks to the comments of Mr. Werner and an anonymous reviewer. The editors also wish to extend their thanks to Sharon Duchesne, the secretary of the Anthropology-Sociology Department at Kenyon, for her untiring efforts in decipher ing the editors' cryptic remarks, combining all the papers-many on differently formatted disks with different versions of Word Perfect-into a single coherent form, and for cheerfully putting up with the whole typing process. Contents PART I. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 • The Place of Interaction Studies in Archaeological Thought. . 3 Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban PART II. THE ANCIENT WORLD SYSTEM Chapter 2 • The Political Economy of Core-Periphery Systems. . . . . . . . . . 23 Robert S. Santley and Rani T. Alexander Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Variation in the Structure of Core-Periphery Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The Dendritic Political Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The Hegemonic Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Territorial Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Summary......................................................... 31 The Growth of Core-Periphery Systems................................ 32 Disenfranchisement and the Creation of Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Disenfranchisement and Population Redistribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Resource Control, the Organization of Labor, and Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Summary......................................................... 40 Sequences of Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Transport Mode and System Scale .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Summary and Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ix x CONTENTS Chapter 3 • Culture and Exchange in Postc1assic Oaxaca: A World-System Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Joseph W. Whitecotton Postclassic Oaxaca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Chapter 4 • Pre-Hispanic Interregional Interaction in Southern Mexico: The Valley of Oaxaca and the Ejutla Valley................ 75 Gary M. Feinman and Linda M. Nicholas Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Project Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 The Ejutla Valley and the Valley of Oaxaca .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Settlement Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Economic Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Phase-by-Phase Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Pre-Monte Alban Phases ........................................... 91 Monte Alban Early I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Monte Alban Late I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Monte Alban II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Monte Alban IlIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Monte Alban I1IB/IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 106 Monte Alban V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Chapter 5 • The Transcaucasian "Periphery" in the Bronze Age: A Preliminary Formulation............................... 117 Philip L. Kohl Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Ecological Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 The Transcaucasian Archaeological Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Comparison with Central Asia (Western Turkestan). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter 6 • Interaction and Isolation: The Empty Spaces in Panregional Political and Economic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Steadman Upham Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Considering the Regional and Panregional System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CONTENTS ri A Panregional Meaning of Empty..................................... 141 Empty Spaces in Panregional Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Population and Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Travel and Trade................................................. 144 Economic Layering............................................... 145 The Jornada in Panregional Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Settlement Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Subsistence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Material Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 147 Rethinking Jornada Developments.................................. 147 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 PART III. THE POLITICAL VALUE OF IMPORTS Chapter 7 • Long-Distance Contacts, Elite Aspirations, and the Age of Discovery in Cosmological Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Mary W. Helms Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Traditional Concepts of Geographical Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Men of Influence and Geographical Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Native Views of Europeans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 European Views of Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Chapter 8 • Tradition, Identity, and Change beyond the Roman Frontier......................................... 175 Peter S. Wells Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 The Roman Frontier in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Sources of Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Roman Goods in Native Contexts: Four Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Near the Frontier: Westick. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 180 On the North Sea Coast: Feddersen Wierde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 In the Unconquered Heartland: Liibsow Graves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 A New Commercial Center to the North: Gudme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
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