Resource Recovery from Municipal Sewage Plants : an Energy-Water-Nutrients Nexus for Developing Countries

147 Pages·2018·3.506 MB·English

by  Manyuchi, Musaida Mercy, Mbohwa, Charles, Muzenda, Edison

Resource Recovery from
Municipal Sewage Plants
An Energy-Water-Nutrients Nexus
for Developing Countries

Resource Recovery from
Municipal Sewage Plants
An Energy-Water-Nutrients Nexus
for Developing Countries
Musaida Mercy Manyuchi, Charles Mbohwa,
and Edison Muzenda
CRC Press
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Contents
List of Figures, xiii
List of Tables, xv
Preface, xvii
Authors, xix
Abbreviations, xxiii
Chapter 1 ▪ Resource Recovery from Municipal
Plants: A General Review 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 MOTIVATION 2
Chapter 2 ▪ Municipal Sewage Wastewater Treatment 5
2.1 SEWAGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT 5
2.2 SEWAGE WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS 6
2.2.1 Fecal Coliform Content 7
2.2.2 E. coli Content 7
2.2.3 Temperature 8
2.2.4 Organic Material in Raw Sewage Wastewater 8
2.2.4.1 Municipal Sewage BOD 8
5
2.2.4.2 Municipal Sewage COD 8
2.2.5 Municipal Sewage Total Nitrogen Content 9
2.2.6 Sewage Total Phosphates Content 9
vi ◾ Contents
2.2.7 Sewage pH 9
2.2.8 Sewage Color and Odor 9
2.2.9 Sulfate Concentration 10
2.2.10 Sewage Solids 10
2.2.11 Chlorides 10
2.2.12 Toxic Metals and Compounds 10
2.3 NUTRIENT REMOVAL IN MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE USING BIOAUGUMENTATION 10
2.3.1 Primary Sewage Treatment 11
2.3.2 Secondary Sewage Treatment 11
2.3.3 Tertiary Sewage Treatment 12
2.4 MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
CONDITIONS 12
2.4.1 Aerobic Conditions 12
2.4.2 Anaerobic Conditions 13
2.4.3 Anoxic Conditions 13
2.4.4 Anammox Conditions 13
Chapter 3 ▪ Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal
Wastewater Bioaugmentation 15
3.1 INTRODUCTION 15
3.2 HYCURA BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 16
3.3 USE OF HYCURA IN MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT 17
3.4 HYCURA KINETICS DURING MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT 19
Chapter 4 ▪ Resource Recovery from Municipal
Sewage 21
4.1 TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT 21
Contents   ◾   vii
4.2 BIONUTRIENT RECOVERY 22
4.3 BIOGAS FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE 23
4.3.1 Conditions for Biogas Production 23
4.3.2 Biogas Generation from Municipal
Wastewater Using Hycura Bioaugmentation 26
4.3.3 Benefits of Harnessing Biogas from
Municipal Plants 26
4.3.3.1 Alternative and Renewable Energy
Source 26
4.3.3.2 Reduced Greenhouse Emissions 26
4.3.3.3 Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels 28
4.3.3.4 Waste Reduction and Management 28
4.3.3.5 Employment Creation and Income
Generation 28
4.4 BIOSOLIDS FROM MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
SLUDGE 28
4.4.1 Characteristics of the Biosolids 29
4.4.2 Benefits of Using Biosolids 31
4.4.2.1 Income for the Municipalities 31
4.4.2.2 Closed Nutrient and Carbon Cycle 31
4.4.2.3 Reduced Odors and Flies 32
Chapter 5 ▪ Economic Considerations 33
5.1 NET PRESENT VALUE 33
5.2 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 34
5.3 PAYBACK PERIOD 34
5.4 BREAKEVEN POINT 35
5.5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 35
5.6 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH RESOURCE
RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL PLANTS 35
viii ◾ Contents
Chapter 6 ▪ Resource Recovery from Chitungwiza,
Firle and Crowborough Plants in
Harare, Zimbabwe: A Case Study 39
6.1 KEY HIGHLIGHTS 39
6.2 INTRODUCTION 41
6.2.1 Problem Statement 42
6.2.2 Study Objectives 42
6.3 BACKGROUND 43
6.3.1 General 43
6.3.2 Biogas Production Process 43
6.4 GENERAL BIODIGESTER DESIGN FOR
BIOGAS PRODUCTION 44
6.5 RECOVERY OF TREATED EFFLUENT 46
6.5.1 Introduction 46
6.5.2 Experimental Approach 46
6.5.3 Results and Discussion 47
6.5.3.1 Raw Sewage and Treated Effluent
Characteristics 47
6.5.3.2 Effect of Hycura Loadings and
Retention Time 47
6.5.3.3 Effect on pH 49
6.5.3.4 Effect on TP 49
6.5.3.5 Effect on TKN 50
6.5.3.6 Effect on BOD 50
6.5.3.7 Effect on COD 51
6.5.3.8 Effect on TSS 51
6.5.3.9 Effect on TDS 52
6.5.3.10 Effect on EC 52
6.5.3.11 Effect on CI− Ion Concentration 53
Contents   ◾   ix
6.5.3.12 Effect on SO2− Ion Concentration 53
4
6.5.3.13 Effect on DO 53
6.5.3.14 Effect on Total E. coli and
Coliform Content 53
6.5.4 Summary 54
6.6 BIONUTRIENT RECOVERY 55
6.6.1 Introduction 55
6.6.2 Results and Discussion 55
6.6.2.1 Bionutrient Removal during
Treatment with Hycura 55
6.6.2.2 Bionutrient Removal Coefficients 55
6.6.3 Summary 58
6.7 BIOGAS AND BIOSOLIDS RECOVERY 58
6.7.1 Introduction 58
6.7.2 Experimental Approach 59
6.7.3 Results and Discussion 59
6.7.3.1 Characterization of the Raw
Sewage Sludge 59
6.7.3.2 Biogas Production 59
6.7.4 Summary 64
6.8 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF CHITUNGWIZA,
FIRLE AND CROW BOROUGH MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE PLANTS 65
6.8.1 Detailed Process Description for the
Municipal Sewage Plants 65
6.8.1.1 Conventional Plant 66
6.8.1.2 B iological Nutrient Removal Plant 67
6.8.2 Biodigester Section Description 67
6.8.2.1 Total Solids Content 68