Resource book - Australian War Memorial

34 Pages·2010·0.73 MB·English

AUSTRALIA IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Resource book
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MEMORIAL
BOX
AUSTRALIA IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR
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T
AUSTRALIA IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Resource book
Contents
Acknowledgements 01
Introduction 02
NowthatyouhaveyourMemorialBox,please… 02
Backgroundmaterial
A)Maps
1 Australiaandtheworld 03
2 TheWesternFront 04
3 GallipoliandPalestine 05
B)Timeline 06
C)Casestudies–howweretheycompiled? 09
D)ColourpatchesoftheAIF,1914–18 10
E)Decorationsandcampaignmedals 12
F)TheHierarchyoftheAIF 14
What’sinthebox? 15
Forschoolusers
A)Curriculumlinks 26
B)Suggestedclassactivities 27
C)BeyondtheMemorialBox 28
SetupyouownMemorialBoxorminimuseum 29
Glossaryoftermsandabbreviations 30
Resourceslist 31
Acknowledgements
TheAustralianWarMemorialgratefullyacknowledgesthesponsorshipoftheDepartmentof
Veterans‘AffairsintheoriginalproductionofthisMemorialBox.TheMemorialisparticularly
gratefultotheDepartmentforallowingMelissaThorpe,agraduateassistant,toresearchthecase
studies.TheMemorialalsoacknowledgestheDepartment‘songoingsupportthroughits”Their
Service,OurHeritage”program,whichhasenabledtheMemorialBoxestobebroughtuptodate.
Researched&writtenby:ElizabethBurness,JohnConnor,JudyCrabbandMelissaThorpe
Textrevisedby:BeatriceBarnett
01
R E S O U R C E B O O K
Introduction
TheFirstWorldWarwasfoughtearlyinthelastcentury—veryfewpeoplealivetodayremember,firsthand,the
momentouseventsofthatconflict.YetinterestinlearningaboutthefirstwarinwhichAustraliafoughtasa
nationisincreasing.MoreandmoreAustralians,youngandold,makethejourneytoGallipolitoviewtheplaces
wheretheANZAClegendwasformed.ManyregardtheeventsatLonePineandtheNekastherealbirthplace
oftheAustraliannation.
ThisMemorialBoxwilltakeyoubacktothosedistantplacesinTurkey,EgyptandtheWesternFrontwhere
Australiansfoughtanddied.Itwillalsoputyouintheplaceofthosewhowaitedathome,andwhosuffered
thelossoftheirlovedones.
TheobjectsintheMemorialBoxaredesignedtodevelopanunderstandingoftheAustralianexperienceof
theFirstWorldWar.The“handson”approachtolearningencouragesinterestandcreatesabasisforfurther
explorationofthestudent’sownhistoricalenvironments.Theresourcematerialgivesanhistoricalcontextfor
theartefactsinthebox,whilethecasestudiesemphasisethatthehistoryofanyconflict,greatorsmall,
isreallyjustthesumofthestoriesofmanyindividuals.
WhetheryouapproachthisMemorialBoxasaschoolstudent,anamateurhistorian,orasamemberofa
specialinterestgroup,thecontentsmayinform,shockorsadden.However,theycanalsoinspire.
Now that you have your
Memorial Box, please...
checkthecontentsoftheboxagainsttheenclosedinventorybeforeandafteruse.Ifanyobjectsaredamaged
ormissing,pleasenotifytheAustralianWarMemorialimmediatelysothattheycanberepairedorreplaced.
handleobjectswithcare.
wearconservator‘sgloves.Theglovesarefoundinthebottomcompartmentofthebox.Sweatfromhandscan
causeobjectstocorrodeor,inthecaseofmaterialobjects,tobecomedirtyandincreasetheriskofdamage.
Pleasewashtheglovesbeforetheboxisreturned.
whenremovingobjectsfromthebox,placethemoncleanareasclearofpencils,pens,paint,waterand
anythingelsethatmaycontaminatethem.
donotleavetheobjectsunattendedunlessyouaresureanyonehandlingthemunderstandshowtotreat
thematerial.
displaythephotographsusingbook/musicstandsor“Blu-Tack”.Pleasedon‘tusedrawingpinsoranyother
materialtopiercethephotographs.
afterusingthebox,recordyourideasontheEVALUATIONFORMandpostitbacktotheAustralianWar
Memorial,EducationandVisitorServices,POBox345,CanberraACT2601.
returnyourboxontime,asthenextborrowersarealsokeentotakedeliveryoftheirMemorialBox.
02
Background material
A) Maps 1 Australia and the World
n
AtlanticOcea SOUTHAMERICA areshowningreaterand3.straliansfoughtintheareshowninitalics.
NORTHAMERICA TheboxedareasdetailinMaps2PlaceswhereAuFirstWorldWar
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R E S O U R C E B O O K
2 The Western Front
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Passchendaele(Pass CalaisYpres(Ieper) BoulogneArmentièresFleurbaixFromelles MouquetFarmBullecourtPozièresPéronneers-BretonneuxMontStQuenti Amiens FRANCE Paris
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3 Gallipoli and Palestine
Salonika
Gallipoli Constantinople
GREECE
Lemnos
The boxed area is shown in greater (cid:13)
Athens detail in the inset map below.
SCALE
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0 100km
T
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Crete
Damascus
Mediterranean Sea Megiddo
GALLIPOLI(cid:3)
PALESTINE
PENINSULA SCALE
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0 5km Jerusalem
Suvla Bay
M
EGYPT Gaza
Anzac Cove The Nek
Romani El Arish
Lone Pine Cairo Suez Canal
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Dardanelles
Cape Helles
Red Sea
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R E S O U R C E B O O K
B) Timeline
ThischronologyhasbeencompiledtogiveaframeworktotheeventsunderstudyinthisMemorialBox.Thelistis
bynomeanscomplete.Youmightliketolookatoldnewspapersforyourtownorregionandfillinsomeextradates
ofsignificantevents,frombeforethewarorafterit,oreventhingsthathappenedinyourtownduringthewar.
Pre-warevents 1900–1901 BoxerrebellioninChina,sixAustralianskilled.
1January1901 CommonwealthofAustralia.Federationofcolonies.
January1901 DeathofQueenVictoria.
1902 EndofwarinSouthAfrica(BoerWar).
1903 FormaladoptionoftheAustralianflag.
(Amended1909withadditionalpointonCommonwealthStar.)
1903 Australianwomengivenvotingrightsinfederalelections.
17December1903 Wrightbrothers‘firstflightinUSA.
1904 Russian–JapanesewarinManchuriaandKorea.
1908 HenryFordstartsmakingT-modelcars.
StartofBoyScoutmovement.
GreatWhiteFleet(AmericanNavy)visitsSydney.
Siteoffederalcapitalchosen.
1909 LordKitchener‘svisittoAustralia.
25July1909 Blériot‘sfirstcrossingoftheEnglishChannelinanaeroplane.
1909–1910 FirstflightsinAustralia.
1910 StartofGirlGuidemovement.
EdwardVIIdies,GeorgeVbecomesking.
1911 AustralianCapitalTerritorycreated.
RoyalAustralianNavy(RAN)establishedasaseparatenavy.
1912 Canberraestablished.
1914 28June AssassinationoftheArchdukeFranzFerdinandinSarajevo.
1August DeclarationofwarbyAustria,Germany,FranceandRussia.
4August BelgianneutralityviolatedbyGermany:Germanydeclares
waronBelgium.
4August EnglanddeclareswaronAustriaandGermany.
10August AustraliaopensrecruitingdepotsfortheAustralianImperialForce(AIF).
11August RecruitingforAustralianNavalandMilitaryExpeditionaryForceopens.
(AN&MEF)
August AustralianbranchoftheRedCrossfoundedbyLadyMunroFerguson.
19August AN&MEFsailstoGermanNewGuinea.
11September FirstAustralianstobekilledintheFirstWorldWardieinGerman
NewGuinea.
1November AIFfirstconvoysailsfromAlbanyforEgypt.
AustralianArmyNursingCorpsalsogoestoEgypt.
9November Sydney–EmdenbattlenearCocos-KeelingIslands.
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1915 AustralianFlyingCorpsformed.
19February BeginningofattemptsbyAlliednaviestoforceapassagethrough
theDardanelles.Dardanellescampaignbegins.
18March DefeatofAlliednaviesbyTurkey.
25April LandingsonGallipoli(AnzacDay).
24May Armisticetoburydead.
7August (4.30am)ChargeatNek.
6–9August AttackatLonePine.SevenVCswonbyAustralians
19–20December AustraliansandNewZealandersevacuatedfromGallipoli.
During1915,theDepartmentofDefenceestablishedhospitalsforthose
repatriated(senthome)fromthewar.Manyofthesehospitalswerein
largeprivatehousescommandeeredforthepurpose.
1916 1January FrenchtroopsevacuatedfromGallipoli.
9January Britishtroopsevacuated.EndofGallipolicampaign.
Creationof3rd,4thand5thDivisionsinAIF.
15March AIFleavesEgyptforFrance.UnitsoftheAustralianArmyNursingCorps
alsogotoFrance.
24April EasterrebellioninIreland.
31May–1June NavalbattleofJutland.
1July FirstbattleoftheSommebegins.
19–20July BattleofFromelles.
23July BattleofPozièresopens.
4–5August BattleofRomani.
28October Firstconscriptionreferendumfails.
1916 FormationoftheRSSILA(ReturnedSoldiers‘andSailors‘ImperialLeague
ofAustralia),whichin1940becameRSSAILA,theReturnedSoldiers‘,
Sailors’andAirmen’sImperialLeagueofAustralia,laterstillin1965
changedtotheRSL,theReturnedandServicesLeague.
November1916–March1917 Sommewinter
1917 9–12March RussianRevolutionbegins.
26March FirstbattleofGaza.
11April FirstattackatBullecourt.
19April SecondbattleofGaza.
3May SecondbattleatBullecourt.
16May FormationoftheAustralianWarRecordsSectionwhichthenstarts
collectingfortheAustralianWarMemorialMuseumwhichlaterbecame
theAustralianWarMemorial.
21May EstablishmentofImperialWarGravesCommission.
(1960renamedCommonwealthWarGravesCommission)
7June BattleofMessinesbegins.
31July ThirdbattleofYpresbegins.
28September RepatriationCommissionestablished.
31October ChargeatBeersheba.
7November ThirdbattleofGaza.
8November RevolutioninRussia,Lenin’scoupd’etatinPetrograd.
9December CaptureofJerusalem.
20December Secondconscriptionreferendumfails.
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R E S O U R C E B O O K
1918 21March–5April GermanoffensiveinPicardy.
28March FirstattackatDernancourt.
30March FirstattackatMorlancourt.
24–25April SecondbattleatVillers–Bretonneux.
4July AttackatHamel.
19September BattleofMegiddostarts.
30September FallofDamascus.
30October TurkssignArmistice,warintheMiddleEasterntheatreends.
9November AbdicationofKaiserWilhelmII,wholeavesGermanyforexile
inNetherlands.
11November 11.00amArmisticebringsfightingtoanendontheWesternFront.
(Peacetreatiesnotsigneduntil1919orlater)
1918–19 Spanishinfluenzapandemicinwhichmillionsdie.
Post-warevents
1919 18January1919 PeaceConferenceopensatVersailles.
28June1919 PeaceTreatysignedandpublished.
19July1919 PeaceDay.
RepatriationofAIFthroughoutthefirsthalfof1919.
LeagueofNationsestablishedunderTreatyofVersailles.
1919 RossandKeithSmithflyinfirstairracefromEnglandtoAustralia.
1920 “Roaring20s”,andthe“flapper”era.
Furtherconferencesandtalksthroughoutearly1920sondisarmament.
1920 RepatriationhospitalstransferredfromtheDepartment
ofDefencetotheRepatriationCommission.
1921 RoyalAustralianAirForce(RAAF)formed.
1923 FirstcommercialwirelessbroadcastsinAustralia.
8October1923 LegacyLeague,tocarefordependantsofthosekilled
intheGreatWarformed.
1924 RoyalAustralianNavyreducedundertermsof
WashingtonNavalTreaty;HMASAustraliascuttled.
1927 LastT-modelFordsmade.
29October1929 StockmarketcrashinWallStreet,NewYork,U.S.A.
1929–1932 WorldDepression.
November1930 PharLapwinstheMelbourneCup.
1933 HitlerbecomesChancellorofGermany.
GermanywithdrawsfromtheLeagueofNations.
HitlerdenouncesdisarmamenttermsofVersaillesTreaty.
1939 GermanyinvadesPoland.SecondWorldWarbegins.
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C) The case studies – how were they compiled?
www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia lookunder“WarServiceRecords,FirstWorldWar”
ThisMemorialBoxcontainssevencasestudies, personinvolved,suchaswheretheywereatcertain
includingonewhichreferstoafamilyfromeach times,andwhentheywerepromoted,aswellas
stateandtheNorthernTerritory.Thematerialused detailsonwhattheydidintheyearsimmediately
isslightlydifferentineachstudyandnotallofthe afterthewar.
sourceswereusedforeverycasestudy.
TheHonoursandAwardsIndex(AWM28)mayalso
ThesecasestudieswerewritteninCanberrausing beusefulasithastheoriginalrecommendations
recordsheldattheAustralianWarMemorial.Thefirst forawards.
sourcewastheNominalRolloftheAIF(AWM133).
Thislistseverysoldierornursewhoservedoverseas Thenextstepistofindoutabouttheunittowhich
intheFirstWorldWar.Foreachpersonitgivesthe thepersonbelonged.Thisgivesagoodideaabout
regimentalnumber,thelastrankheld,theperson’s thefightingandconditionsduringthewar.Some
fullname,thedatethattheyenlisted,whatbattalion unitshavepublishedhistorieswrittenaboutthem
theywerelastin,andeitherthedateofdeathorthe andtheAustralianWarMemorial’scollection,the
datethattheyreturnedtoAustralia.Thisgivesthe UnitManuscriptHistories(AWM224)canbehelpful.
basicinformationaboutapersonandisastarting
OtherdocumentsheldbytheAustralianWar
pointforlookingfurtherintoaperson’shistory.
MemorialareTroopshipRecords(AWM7)and
Therecanbesomeomissions,however,suchas
TroopshipPassengerLists(AWM31).Nursesareoften
thedateofenlistment.
hardertotracethansoldiersandthegeneralhistory
booksaboutnurseswhicharelistedinthereading
ThenextsourcesaretheEmbarkationNominalRolls
listattheendofthisbookletmaybeuseful.
(AWM8).Thesegivefurtherinformationabouta
specificperson:theirrankatthetimeofenlistment,
ApartfromtheofficialrecordsheldbytheAustralian
occupation,ageandaddress.Italsohastheirmarital
WarMemorial,manypeoplehavebeendonating
status,nextofkin,religionandtheirpaydetails.
personalpapers,lettersanddiariestotheMemorial
TheEmbarkationNominalRollsalsorecordwhen
sincethe1920s.TheseformthePrivateRecords
thepersonleftAustralia,wheretheyleftfromand
Collectionandcanbeusedforresearchtofillout
whatshiptheywenton.
themorepersonaldetailsofacasestudy.The
Memorialalsoholdsalargephotographcollection
Ifthepersondiedduringthewar,orshortlyafter
whichcanbringapersonortheirsituationtolife
thewar,theyshouldappearontheRollofHonour
ingraphicdetail.
Circulars(AWM131)andtheRollofHonourCards
(AWM145).Acircularwassentoutin1919tothe
VisitorstotheAustralianWarMemorialarealways
nextofkinofallthosewhohaddied,askingfor
welcometousetheMemorial’sextensiverecordsfor
particularsofthedeceased.Theinformationwas
theirownresearch.However,forthoseunableto
usedbytheofficialhistorianandtocompiletheRoll
attendtheMemorial,therearemanyothersourcesin
ofHonour.Theformhasalotofinformationabout
localcommunitiestohelpresearchsomeoneinvolved
thedeceased,hisorhername,unit,ageatdeath,
inAustralia’sconflicts.Someoftheofficialrecordsare
occupation,school,relationsinthearmy,former
nowheldbylocallibrariesonmicrofiche.Local
militarytraining,wherehe/shewasborn,andwhere
newspapersareanothergoodsourceofinformation
he/shewasfrom,justbeforethewar.Fromthesetwo
andstoriesmaywellhavebeenwrittenaboutlocal
sourcesitissometimespossibletofindoutalittlebit
boyswhowenttowar.Thelocalhistorysocietyand
aboutthepersonbeforetheyjoinedtheArmy,such
museummayalsoholdmemorabiliaandrecords.
aswhatkindofschooltheywenttoandiftheyhad
Churches,too,areoftengoodplacestolookfor
hadpreviousmilitarytraining,suchasservingin
information.Finally,mosttowns,villagesandolder
cadetsatschool.
suburbshaveerectedamemorialtothoselostduring
theFirstWorldWar.Thememorialslistnamesof
Anothersourcethatcanbeusefulforpersonaldetails
thosewhopaidthesupremesacrificeandarea
istheOfficialHistorian’s1914–1918WarBiographical
goodstartingpointforresearchingasoldier.
Cards(AWM140).Thesewerecollectedtohelpwith
thewritingoftheOfficialHistory,andcontain
www.skp.com.au/memorial
informationusuallyaboutthewarserviceofthe
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