Resistive Gaseous Detectors: Designs, Performance, and Perspectives

381 Pages·2018·23.303 MB·English

by  Marcello Abbrescia, Vladimir Peskov, Paulo Fonte

ResistiveGaseousDetectors
Resistive Gaseous Detectors
Designs,Performance,andPerspectives
MarcelloAbbrescia,VladimirPeskov,andPauloFonte
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v
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
1 “Classical”GaseousDetectorsandTheirLimits 5
1.1 IonizationChambers 5
1.2 Single-WireCountersOperatedinAvalancheMode 7
1.3 AvalancheandDischargeDevelopmentinUniformorCylindrical
ElectricFields 8
1.3.1 FastBreakdown 14
1.3.2 SlowBreakdown 16
1.4 PulsedSparkandStreamerDetectors 16
1.5 MultiwireProportionalChambers 18
1.6 ANewIdeaforDischargeQuenchingandLocalization 20
References 24
2 HistoricalDevelopmentsLeadingtoModernResistiveGaseous
Detectors 27
2.1 Introduction:theImportanceoftheParallel-PlateGeometry 27
2.2 FirstParallel-PlateCounters 30
2.3 FurtherDevelopments 34
2.4 TheFirstRPCPrototypes 35
2.5 Pestov’sPlanarSparkChambers 37
2.6 Wire-TypeDetectorswithResistiveCathodes 41
References 42
3 BasicsofResistivePlateChambers 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 SantonicoandCardarelli’sRPCs 45
3.3 GlassRPCs 52
3.4 AvalancheandStreamerModes 55
3.4.1 StreamerMode 55
3.4.2 AvalancheMode 60
vi Contents
3.5 SignalDevelopment 64
3.5.1 SignalFormation 64
3.5.2 ChargeDistribution 74
3.5.3 Efficiency 76
3.5.4 TimeResolution 78
3.5.5 PositionResolution 80
3.6 ChoiceofGasMixtures 81
3.6.1 MainRequirementsforRPCGasMixtures 81
3.6.2 QuenchingGasMixtures 84
3.6.2.1 GeneralInformation 84
3.6.2.2 HistoricalReviewaboutGasMixturesforInhibitingPhoton
Feedback 86
3.6.2.3 SomeConsiderationsonDelayedAfterpulses 90
3.7 CurrentinRPCs 92
3.8 DarkCountingRate 96
3.9 EffectsofTemperatureandPressure 99
References 106
4 FurtherDevelopmentsinResistivePlateChambers 111
4.1 DoubleGapRPCs 111
4.2 Wide-GapRPCs 113
4.3 TheMulti-gapRPCs 117
4.4 “Space-Charge”Effects 127
4.5 ReviewofAnalyticalModelsofRPCBehavior 129
4.5.1 ElectronAvalanchesDeeplyAffectedbySpaceCharge 131
4.5.2 HighlyVariableCurrentsFlowingthroughResistiveMaterials 134
4.5.3 ElectricalInductionthroughMaterialswithVariedElectrical
Properties 135
4.5.4 PropagationofFastSignalsinMulticonductorTransmission
Lines 135
4.6 TimingRPCs 138
4.7 TheImportanceofFront-EndElectronicsforOperationinStreamer
andAvalancheModes 143
4.8 AttemptstoIncreaseSensitivityviaSecondaryElectron
Emission 143
References 154
5 ResistivePlateChambersinHighEnergyPhysics
Experiments 161
5.1 EarlyExperimentsUsingRPCs 161
5.2 RPCsfortheL3ExperimentatLEP 169
5.3 TheInstrumentedFluxReturnoftheBaBarExperiment 172
5.4 TheARGO-YBJDetector 176
5.5 The“BIG”Experiments:ATLAS,ALICE,andCMSatLHC 180
5.5.1 ATLAS 182
5.5.2 CMS 187
5.5.3 SomeCommonThemestoATLASandCMS 193
5.5.4 ALICE 193
Contents vii
5.6 TheRPC-TOFSystemoftheHADESExperiment 195
5.7 TheExtremeEnergyEventsExperiment 201
5.8 OtherExperiments 206
References 208
6 MaterialsandAginginResistivePlateChambers 211
6.1 Materials 211
6.1.1 GlassesandGlassRPCs 213
6.1.2 Bakelite 221
6.1.3 MethodstoMeasureBakeliteResistivity 223
6.1.4 SemiconductiveMaterials 228
6.2 AgingEffects 229
6.2.1 AginginRPCsOperatedinStreamerMode 229
6.2.1.1 L3andBelle 229
6.2.1.2 ExperienceGainedinBaBar 230
6.2.2 MelamineandBakeliteRPCswithoutlinseedoiltreatment 235
6.3 AgingStudiesofRPCPrototypesOperatedinAvalancheMode
DesignedfortheLHCExperiments 237
6.3.1 TemperatureEffects 240
6.3.2 EffectsofHFandOtherChemicalSpecies 241
6.3.3 OtherPossibleChangesinBakeliteElectrodes 244
6.3.4 Closed-LoopGasSystemsforLHCRPCs 244
6.4 AgingStudiesonMulti-GapRPCs 246
References 248
7 AdvancedDesigns:High-Rate,High-SpatialResolution
ResistivePlateChambers 253
7.1 TheIssueofRateCapability 253
7.2 The“Static”ModelofRPCsatHighRate 257
7.3 The“Dynamic”ModelofRPCsatHighRate 261
7.4 TheUpgradeoftheMuonSystemsofATLASandCMS 266
7.5 SpecialHighRateRPCs 269
7.5.1 High-Rate,High-PositionResolutionRPCs 276
7.6 High-PositionResolutionTimingRPCs 279
References 282
8 NewDevelopmentsintheFamilyofGaseousDetectors:
MicropatternDetectorswithResistiveElectrodes 285
8.1 “Classical”MicropatternDetectorswithMetallicElectrodes 285
8.2 Spark-ProvenGEM-likeDetectorswithResistiveElectrodes 289
8.3 ResistiveMicromeshDetectors 294
8.4 ResistiveMicrostripDetectors 298
8.5 ResistiveMicro-PixelDetectors 300
8.6 ResistiveMicrohole-MicrostripandMicrostrip-Microdot
Detectors 301
References 304
viii Contents
9 ApplicationsbeyondHighEnergyPhysicsandCurrent
Trends 307
9.1 PositronEmissionTomographywithRPCs 307
9.2 ThermalNeutronDetectionwithRPCs 310
9.3 MuonTomographyandApplicationsforHomelandSecurity 314
9.4 X-RayImaging 322
9.5 Cost-EfficientRadonDetectorsBasedonResistiveGEMs 326
9.6 ResistiveGEMsforUVPhotonDetection 331
9.6.1 CsI-BasedResistiveGEMsforRICH 332
9.6.2 FlameandSparkDetectionandVisualizationwithResistive
GEMs 337
9.7 CryogenicDetectorswithresistiveelectrodes 338
9.8 DigitalCalorimetrywithRPCs 341
References 344
ConclusionsandPerspectives 349
A SomeGuidelinesforRPCFabrication 353
A.1 AssemblingofBakeliteRPCs 353
A.2 AssemblingofGlassRPCs 356
A.3 AssemblingofGlassMRPCs 361
References 365
Glossary 367
Index 373
ix
Preface
This book is devoted to those gaseous detectors of elementary particles that
incorporate resistive electrodes, whose most well-established instance is the
resistive plate chamber. These detectors have several unique and important
practicalfeatures,suchasgoodsparkprotectionandexcellenttimeresolution,
evendowntofewtensofpicoseconds.
Therearenumerousscientificpublicationsonmanydifferentinstancesofresis-
tiveplatechamberdesigns,andtheiroperationandperformance,butthereare
still few review papers, especially books, summarizing their basic principles of
operation,historicaldevelopment,latestachievements,andtheirgrowingappli-
cationsinvariousfields.
This book is intended to cover the matters mentioned above and integrate
them with the available physical modelling. It was meant to target a wide
auditorium,includingbeginnersofthediscipline.Wehopethatthisisachieved
byanapproachwherethesubjectispresentedfirstinasimpleway,andlateron
withaslowincreaseincomplexity.
At the same time, we believe that it will be very useful for the scientific
community,wherethereisanestablishedbodyofknowledgetobesummarized
andcriticallyevaluated.
MarcelloAbbrescia
VladimirPeskov
PauloFonte
xi
Acknowledgments
Thedevelopmentandsuccessofresistiveplatechambershavebenefitedfromthe
work of a huge community of scientists, engineers, technicians, and students,
spread all over the world. We warmly thank all these top-level experts for
day-by-dayinteractionsandforsharingwithustheirexperience,whichprovided
apictureofthecombinedeffortsofthiscommunitythatwetriedtoaccurately
reportinthisbook.
SpecialthankstoourcolleaguesandfriendsfromtheALICE,ATLAS,andCMS
experiments,andfromtheEEEproject,withwhomsomeofuscollaboratevery
closely.Itwasagreatexperience!