Resistance of cultivars and breeding lines of spring wheat to Fusarium culmorum and powdery mildew

6 Pages·0.075 MB·English

by  Wiœniewska Halina, Kowalczyk Krzysztof.

JApplGenet46(1),2005,pp.35-40
Resistance of cultivars and breeding lines of spring wheat
Fusarium culmorum
to and powdery mildew
HalinaWiœniewska1,KrzysztofKowalczyk2
1InstituteofPlantGenetics,PolishAcademyofSciences,Poznañ,Poland
2InstituteofGeneticsandPlantBreeding,AgriculturalUniversity,Lublin,Poland
Abstract.TwelvePolishspringwheatcultivarsand18springwheataccessionsfromCIMMYT,Mexico,were
examinedforresistancetoahighlypathogenicFusariumculmorumstrainKF846andpowderymildewin5-year
fieldexperiments.Resistantwheatcultivars(Sumai3andFrontana)servedascontrols.Themeanpercentage
ofFusarium-damagedkernels(%FDK)for5yearswaslowerinCIMMYTaccessions(16.7%)thaninPolish
springcultivars(28.3%).InallPolishspringcultivars,%FDKwashigherthaninthecontrolcultivarsSumai3
andFrontana(12–20%).Themeandiseasescore(onascaleof1–9)forpowderymildew(naturalinfection)forall
examinedcultivarsandlinesrangedfrom0to7andinthePolishspringcultivarswassignificantlylower(0–5).
CultivarsEta,Henika,Ismena,JasnaandOlimpiawerefoundtobetheleastsusceptibletopowderymildewin
fieldexperiments.Thelaboratoryhost-pathogentestswithBlumeriagraminisf.sp.triticiisolatesshowedthat
only two cultivars were characterized by identical resistance patterns as the standard differential lines with
documentedresistancegenes.CultivarAlkorahadthegenePm3d,andHenikahadPm5.ThegenePm3dwas
identifiedincultivarsJasnaandEtaincombinationwithanotherunknowngene/genes.CultivarsSantaandTorka
had the gene Pm5 in combination with another unknown gene/genes. Four cultivars: Banti, Ismena, Olimpia
andSigma,showedresistancetoallmildewisolatesemployedinalaboratorytest.TheaccessionIPG-SW-14
wastheleastsusceptibletobothpathogens(F.culmorumandpowderymildew)inall5yearsofexperiments.
Thislineisthebestcandidateforderivingnewcultivarswithimprovedresistancetofungaldiseases.
Keywords:Blumeriagraminisf.sp.tritici,Fusariumculmorum,springwheat.
Introduction et al. 2000; Wiœniewska et al. 2000). Fusarium
head blight epidemics were observed in
north-eastern Poland in 1998, and in central
Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, Fusarium
Poland in 1999, with significant contamination
culmorumandF.graminearumbelongtothemost
of wheat grain with DON (Tomczak et al. 2002).
important pathogens of wheat in Poland
Powderymildewisadiseaseaffectingwheateach
and neighbouring European countries, causing
year. Chemical protection with fungicides is
powdery mildew and Fusarium head blight
requiredtopreventitandtogethighgrainyields.
or scab (FHB) and consequently grain yield and
Recently, resistance genes to powdery mildew in
quality losses (reduced kernel weight and size),
cultivars grown in Poland have been identified
and accumulation of several mycotoxins (mostly
by Kowalczyk et al. (1998): Pm1, Pm2
deoxynivalenol DON) in the infected kernels,
in combination with Pm6, Pm3d, Pm4d, Pm5,
chaff and rachis (Abramson et al. 1987; Bai
Pm8,andPm9.TheuseofSTSmarkerstoidentify
and Shaner 1996; Parry et al. 1995; Wiœniewska
fourPmresistancegeneswasdescribedbyStêpieñ
et al. 1997; Bottalico 1998; Che³kowski 1998;
et al. (2001). Resistance of wheat cultivars to
McIntosh 1998; Adamski et al. 1999; Jones
the above pathogens is not sufficient, because
andMirocha1999;Mesterhazyetal.1999;Bartoš
Received:April30,2004.Accepted:November18,2004.
Correspondence:H.Wiœniewska,InstituteofPlantGenetics,PolishAcademyofSciences,Strzeszyñska34,60-479Poznañ,
Poland;e-mail:[email protected]
36 H.Wiœniewska,K.Kowalczyk
sources of resistance genes used by breeders for IPG-SW-22, IPG-SW-23, IPG-SW-26,
a long time lead to appearance of new virulences IPG-SW-27, IPG-SW-28, IPG-SW-29,
of the pathogen. The search for new sources of IPG-SW-30, IPG-SW-32, IPG-SW-37,
resistance to the most important pathogens is IPG-SW-41, IPG-SW-44. Those accessions were
currentlyachallenge.Thenumberandidentityof testedpreviouslyandshowedarelativelylowsus-
resistance genes in recently released cultivars are ceptibility to FHB during earlier studies
unknown. Molecular DNA markers elaborated to (Wisniewska et al. 2000, 2002). The 12 Polish
identify Pm resistance genes were reviewed by spring wheat cultivars (Alkora, Banti, Eta, Hera,
ChenandChe³kowski(1999). Henika, Igna, Ismena, Jasna, Olimpia, Omega,
ItisnowgenerallyagreedthatFHBresistance Santa, and Sigma) were provided by
is controlled by a polygenic system. Effects theKobierzyceBreedingCo.,Poland.TheBrazil-
of dominance of genes probably influence FHB ian spring cv. Frontana and the Chinese
resistance, but additive effects appear to be cv.Sumai3wereusedasresistantcontrols.
important, and resistance genes can be Thecultivarsandlineswerecomparedinfield
accumulated (Snijders 1990; Bai et al. 1999). experiments in 1998–2001 in an Experimental
Recent studies on chromosomal location of FHB Station of the Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish
resistance genes/loci in the wheat genome have Academy of Sciences, at Cerekwica (82 m above
used RFLP and AFLP methods and recombinant sea level), 30 km northwest of Poznañ, Poland.
inbred lines (RILs) as a mapping population.
Each year the experiment was carried out in
Quantitativetraitloci(QTLs)ofresistancetoFHB
acompleterandomizedblockdesignwith3repli-
havebeenpreliminarilymappedonthefollowing
cations.
chromosomes:1B,2AL,3BS,3A,5Aand6B(Bai
et al. 1999; Waldron et al. 1999; Anderson et al.
Inoculumprocedure
2001; Ruckenbauer et al. 2001; Buertsmayr et al.
2002). To produce spores of the pathogen, wheat grain
Sources of the resistance were found in China samplesof50geach(inErlenmeyerflasks)were
among more than 30 000 accessions of Triticum adjustedto30%watercontent,leftovernight,next
landraces (like Wangshuibai and Sumai 3), in sterilizedfor30minutesat120ºC,0.1cPpressure,
SouthAmericangermplasm(cv.Frontana),andin thencooledandinoculatedwithF.culmorumiso-
winterwheat–theSwisscv.ArinaandtheCzech late KF 846 (W.G. Sm) Sacc. The isolate is
cv. Praag-8 (Snijders 1990; Mesterhazy 1995; a deoxynivalenol producer, originating from
Mesterhazy et al. 1999). Growing of wheat wheatheadswithscabsymptoms,fromthecollec-
cultivars resistant to the above-mentioned tionoftheInstituteofPlantGenetics,Poznañ,Po-
pathogens is the most economic, environ-
land. Inoculated grain was incubated under
ment-friendly and effective method of disease
near-UVilluminationat20ºCforabout4weeksto
control(Winzeleretal.2000).
obtainabundantsporulationonkernelsurface.On
The aim of this paper was to examine field
the day of inoculation, conidia were washed off
resistance of spring wheat cultivars and lines to
with sterile water and adjusted to the concentra-
a F. culmorum isolate and powdery mildew after
tion1×105spores/mL.
naturalinfectionandinalaboratoryhostpathogen
Atmid-anthesis(Zadoksscale65)10headsin
testwithB.graminisf.sp.triticiisolates.
eachreplicationwereinoculated(only1floretper
head) with the conidial suspension (1 × 105 in
1mL)ofF.culmorumaccordingtoGilchristetal.
Materialandmethods
(1997).Asmallpieceofcottonsoakedwith1mL
ResponsetoF.culmorumandpowderymildew of the spore suspension was placed between
lemma and palea in a floret in the middle part
inthefield
ofthehead.Afterinoculation,theheadswerecov-
Materialforthestudyincluded18Mexicanspring ered with plastic bags for 48 hours. Non-in-
wheat accessions and 12 Polish spring cultivars. oculatedplotsofthesamegenotypeswereusedas
The accessions were chosen from 42 accessions,
controls. Progress of powdery mildew in natural
varying in resistance to FHB, from a Mexican
infection was scored since flag leaf emergence to
wheat nursery (4th SRSN, CIMMYT):
the end of maturity, on a scale of 1–9 (9 = all
IPG-SW-5, IPG-SW-6, IPG-SW-7, IPG-SW-11,
leavesinfectedintheplot).
IPG-SW-14, IPG-SW-16, IPG-SW-21,
WheatresistancetoFusarium 37
Harvest Resultsanddiscussion
HeadsinoculatedwiththeF.culmorumisolateand
For this 5-year study, only 18 accessions with
control heads were harvested and trashed manu-
thelowestsusceptibilitytoFHBandlowestaccu-
ally. In both groups of samples, kernels were di-
mulation of DON during a previous study
vided into two fractions: (1) Fusarium-damaged
(Wiœniewska et al. 2000) were selected. Disease
kernels (FDK), with visible Fusarium damage:
reactions to F. culmorum were measured by per-
shrivelled, lightweight, brown to pink coloured;
centage of Fusarium-damaged kernels (% FDK).
and (2) healthy looking kernels, without any of
The mean value for 5 years was smaller in
the symptoms noted above. Percentage of
CIMMYT accessions (16.7%) than in Polish
Fusarium-damaged kernels (% FDK) was calcu-
spring cultivars (28.3%). The proportion of ker-
lated on the basis of weight of the damaged and
nelswithvisiblesymptomsofFHBinthecontrol
healthyseeds.
cultivarsFrontanaandSumai3was20%and12%,
IdentificationofPmgenes respectively (Table 1). In all Polish spring
cultivars, % FDK was higher than in the control
The B. graminis sp. tritici isolates used for cultivars (Table 2). The highest value (43%) was
the identification of the major known resistance foundinthePolishcv.Olimpia.
genes were collected in different parts of Europe Three accessions: IPG-SW-14, 16, 30 were
and selected from single-spore progenies resistant to infection by F. culmorum. Cultivars
(Felsensteinetal.1991).Virulenceoftheisolates Frontana and Sumai 3 are widely recognized as
toknownPmgeneswasclassifiedintheInstitute highly resistant to FHB (Gilchrist et al. 1997;
ofAgronomyandPlantBreeding,TechnicalUni- Mesterhazy1995;Snijders1990).
versity of Munich, Freising, Germany. The tests Powdery mildew occurred in the wheat
formildewresistancewereconductedonprimary experimental field every year of this experiment
leafsegmentsofseedlingsculturedon6gL–1agar and disease scores varied between 0 and 7.
and 35 mgL–1 benzimidazole in plastic boxes. In- The respective disease score of Polish cultivars
oculation was prepared in a setting tower. About ranged from 0 to 5 (Table 2). Cultivars Eta,
500700 spores were placed on 1 cm2of leaf frag- Henika, Ismena, Jasna and Olimpia had low
ments.Theplasticboxeswithleaffragmentswere diseasescores.CultivarsAlkora,IgnaandOmega
placedinagrowthchamberat17ºCunderillumi- exhibitedthehighestsusceptibility.
nation of 10 ìE/m2s for 10 days. Three major The host-pathogen tests resulted in identifica-
classes of host reaction were distinguished (rela- tion of resistance genes Pm3d, Pm4b, Pm5 and
tive to the susceptible control cv. Kanzler): resis- combinationsofPm3d+Pm4b.Onlytwocultivars
tant (0–20%), intermediate (20–50% infection) werecharacterizedbyidenticalresistancepatterns
and susceptible (> 50% infection). We used asthestandarddifferentiallineswithdocumented
30plantsofeachcultivarinthesetests. resistance genes presented in a previous paper
Near-isogenic lines of cv. Chancellor (with (Kowalczyk et al. 1998). Cultivar Alkora had
known powdery mildew resistance genes), the gene Pm3d, and Henika had Pm5. The resis-
and line TP114/3*Starke (with gene Pm6) were tancegenePm3dwasidentifiedincultivarsJasna
kindly provided by RA McIntosh, Camden, Aus- and Eta in combination with another unknown
tralia. These lines and cv. Maris Huntsman (with geneorgenes.CultivarsSantaandTorkahadPm5
genes Pm2 and Pm6) were used as controls in in combination with another unknown gene
the host-pathogen tests for identification of pow- or genes (Table 3). Four cultivars: Banti, Ismena,
dery mildew resistance genes in Polish wheat OlimpiaandSigma,exhibitedresistancetoallmil-
cultivars. dew isolates used in the laboratory experiment.
Sigma may have derived its resistance from
Statisticalanalysis cv. Sappo plus an unknown gene (Kowalczyk et
al. 1998). Ismena might have received the resis-
Two-way analysis of variance was carried out to
tancegenePm3dfromKolibriorJara,Pm4bfrom
determine the influence of genotypes, years
theGermancultivarHermes(HeunandFischbeck
andgenotypeyearsinteractionon%FDKandnat-
1987) and an unknown source (Kowalczyk et al.
ural infection by powdery mildew. For compari-
1998).Bantiprobablyhasacombinationofresis-
son of genotype, the estimated least significant
tance genes, which may involve
differences (LSD) were used (Caliñski
Pm1+Pm3d+Pm6, possibly derived from
andKaczmarek1973).
Table1.SusceptibilityofCIMMYTspringwheataccessionstoFusariumculmorumandpowderymildewunder
fieldconditions(5-yearexperiments)incomparisonwithcontrolcvs.FrontanaandSumai3
Fusarium-damagedkernels(%) Powderymildewinfectionscore*
Wheat
accessions
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean
IPG-SW-5 25 3 35 17 9 18 7 7 7 6 3 6
IPG-SW-6 21 3 37 22 8 14 5 5 2 4 4 4
IPG-SW-7 10 4 33 29 11 17 6 6 3 5 2 4
IPG-SW-11 25 2 12 46 10 17 6 4 3 5 4 4
IPG-SW-14 9 3 11 14 6 9 2 3 3 2 1 2
IPG-SW-16 8 1 39 9 5 12 7 6 5 5 2 5
IPG-SW-21 11 3 28 25 9 15 3 3 3 3 3 3
IPG-SW-22 5 3 25 20 15 14 4 3 3 3 3 3
IPG-SW-23 22 6 31 19 17 19 6 6 4 5 4 5
IPG–SW-26 19 6 31 28 26 22 5 4 3 2 1 3
IPG-SW-27 11 2 39 19 9 16 5 4 3 3 1 3
IPG-SW-28 17 4 22 20 12 15 4 4 4 2 1 3
IPG-SW-29 17 2 28 22 4 15 1 3 0 3 2 2
IPG-SW-30 11 2 18 19 9 12 1 2 4 2 2 2
IPG-SW-32 18 13 26 39 19 23 4 3 2 2 1 2
IPG-SW-37 11 18 39 18 27 23 3 4 0 2 3 2
IPG-SW-41 22 7 19 17 23 18 0 3 0 1 2 1
IPG-SW-44 13 3 23 29 11 16 3 4 5 3 2 3
Meanfor 15.3 4.7 27.6 22.9 12.8 16.7 4.0 4.2 3.0 3.2 2.3 3.3
CIMMYTlines
Frontana 28 7 21 17 27 20 3 4 2 2 1 2
Sumai3 12 2 19 23 4 12 7 6 5 2 2 5
LSD – 4.7 16.4 16.5 7.2 6.0 – 1.5 1.0 2.2 1.7 0.8
0.05
*CIMMYTscaleof1–9:1=resistance9=highestsusceptibility(leafseverelyinfected)
Table2.SusceptibilityofPolishspringwheatcultivarstoFusariumculmorumandpowderymildewunderfield
conditions,incomparisonwiththecontrolcvs.FrontanaandSumai3
Wheat Fusarium-damagedkernels(%) Powderymildewinfectionscore*
cultivars 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 mean 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 mean
Alkora 22 5 32 34 40 27 2 4 1 3 1 2.3
Banti 10 6 38 48 53 31 0 1 3 0 0 0.8
Eta 19 7 20 34 48 26 0 1 0 1 1 0.7
Henika 8 7 20 29 50 23 0 1 0 1 0 0.4
Hera 21 15 37 27 63 33 2 1 0 5 2 2.1
Igna 10 3 19 44 48 25 3 4 1 4 1 2.6
Ismena 18 6 27 40 65 31 0 1 0 1 1 0.6
Jasna 12 5 19 20 70 25 0 1 1 1 0 0.6
Olimpia 36 23 29 60 66 43 0 0 1 2 1 0.9
Omega 24 7 24 29 28 22 2 4 3 2 4 3.0
Santa 22 11 21 28 46 26 0 2 0 2 0 0.9
Sigma 37 17 30 37 67 38 0 2 0 3 0 1.1
Torka – – – 9 32 20,5 – – – 3 0 1.8
Meanfor
19.8 9.3 26.3 33.8 52.0 28.3 0.8 1.9 0.8 2 1.1 1.4
cultivars
Frontana 28 7 21 17 27 20 3 4 2 2 1 2
Sumai3 12 2 19 23 4 12 7 3 5 2 2 3
LSD – 9.4 22.7 18.6 27.0 9.8 – 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.0 0.5
o.os
*CIMMYTscaleof1–9:1=resistance9=highestsusceptibility(leafseverelyinfected)
WheatresistancetoFusarium 39
Table3.Reactionofwheatcultivarsafterinoculationwith11differentialisolatesofBlumeriagraminisf.sp.tritici
Blumeriagraminissp.triticiisolates
Postulated
Cultivar Pedigree
Pmgene(s)
W2 W5 W6 W9 W10 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17
Alkora Kolibri/Alfa/Jara s s s,i r s r s r r s r Pm3d
Banti Timmo/Jara/Kadett/ r r r r r r r r r r r U
Wz6154
Eta Kolibri/Alfa//Jara s s r r r r r r r s r Pm3d+U
Hera Hadmerslebener s s s r r s I I s s s U
38662-69/Jara
Henika CB412/Selpek s,i s s i,s r s s,i r s s s Pm5
Igna Kadet/Jara r r r r r r i r r r r Pm3d+4b+U
Ismena Kolibri/Alfa/Hermes/2/Jara r r r r r r r r r r r U
Jasna Eta/Kokart s s r r r,i r,i i,s i i,r s r Pm3d+U
Olimpia Solitaire/KOC1052/ r r r r r r r,i r r r r U
82//Henika
Santa L.mex97-3/ s s s r r s s r s s s Pm5+U
Selpek//Kolibri/2/Henika
Sigma Kalyansona/Sappo r r r r r r r r r r r U
Torka William/RR227-78/ r s r r r s r,i r i,s s s Pm5+U
WW19018
r=resistant;i=intermediate;s=susceptible;U=unknowngene/genes
the Swedish cv. Timmo, described to carry genes IPG-SW-41andeightPolishcultivarswereresis-
Pm1, Pm2, Pm4b and Pm6 (Hovmoller 1989), as tanttopowderymildewincomparisontothecon-
wellasPm3dfromcv.JaraorKadett(Kowalczyk trol cv. Frontana. All Polish cultivars and
etal.1998). 15CIMMYTlineswereresistanttopowderymil-
Analysis of variance for %FDK indicated no dewincomparisontocv.Sumai3(Table1andTa-
significant differences between CIMMYT lines ble 2). The accession IPG-SW-14 was found to
andnogenotype environmentinteractionforPol- havethelowestsusceptibilitytoF.culmorumand
ishcultivars.Incaseofpowderymildewinfection a low susceptibility to powdery mildew in all
scores after natural infection in the field, all 5 years of experiments. In our previous work
sources of variation were significant (Table 4). (Wiœniewska et al. 2003) we found that line
Significant differences between CIMMYT lines IPG-SW-14 was also resistant to leaf rust in field
andPolishcultivarswereobservedbothin%FDK experimentsin2000and2001,whentheleafrust
and powdery mildew infection scores. Mean in- epidemics occurred in the Poznañ region, in our
fection scores of 5 years indicate that line experimental field in particular, and all Polish
spring wheat cultivars except cv. Santa were in-
fected. This breeding line is a good candidate for
Table 4. Results of the analysis of variance for derivingnewlinesandcultivarswithimprovedre-
percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels (% FDK)
sistance to three fungal diseases: Fusarium head
and powdery mildew infection scores (scale 19)
blight,leafrustandpowderymildew.
of spring wheat CIMMYT lines and Polish spring
cultivars
REFERENCES
F-statistics
Sourceofvariation Fusarium powdery
AbramsonD,ClearRM,NowickiTW,1987.Fusarium
(%FDK) mildew
species and trichothecene mycotoxins in suspect
CIMMYT lines
samples of 1985 Manitoba wheat. Can J Plant Sci
Genotypes(G) 1.37 4.43**
67:611–619.
Years(Y) 112.38** 36.50**
Anderson JA, Stack RW, Liu S, Waldron BL,
Interaction(G×Y) 2.72** 3.24**
FjeldAD,CoyneC,etal.2001.DNAmarkersfor
Polishcultivars
FusariumheadblightresistanceQTLsintwowheat
Genotypes(G) 2.44* 2.64*
populations.TheorApplGenet102:1164–1168.
Years(Y) 85.11** 39.03**
Interaction(G×Y) 1.34 9.52** Adamski T, Che³kowski J, Goliñski P, Kaczmarek Z,
Kostecki M, Perkowski J, et al. 1999. Yield
*P<0.05;**P<0.01
40 H.Wiœniewska,K.Kowalczyk
reduction and mycotoxin accumulation in barley McIntoshRA,1998a.Breedingwheatforresistanceto
doubled haploids inoculated with Fusarium bioticstress.Euphytica100:19–34.
culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. J Appl Genet 40(2): Mesterhazy A, 1995. Types and components
73–84. of resistance to Fusarium head blight of wheat.
BaiG,ShanerG,1996.VariationinFusariumgrami- PlantBreeding114:377–38.
nearumandcultivarresistancetowheatscab.Plant MesterhazyA,BartokT,MiropchaCG,KomoroczyR,
Dis80:975–979. 1999.NatureofwheatresistancetoFusariumhead
Bai G, Kolb FL, Shaner G, Domier LL, 1999. blightandtheroleofdeoxynivalenolforbreeding.
Amplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphismmarkers PlantBreeding118:97–110.
linkedtoamajorquantitativetraitcontrollingscab ParryDW,JankinsonP,McLeod,1995.Fusariumear
resistanceinwheat.GenetResist89(4):343–348. blight(scab)insmallgraincereals:areview.Plant
Bartoš P, Hanzalova A, Bla(cid:1)kova V, 2000. Leaf rust Pathol44:207–238.
resistance of winter wheat cultivars registered in Ruckenbauer P, Buertsmayr H, Lemmens M, 2001.
the Czech Republic. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Present strategies in resistance breeding against
Hung35(1–4):149–151. scab(Fusariumspp.).Euphytica119:121–127.
Bottalico A, 1998. Fusarium diseases of cereals: SnijdersCHA,1990.Geneticvariationforresistanceto
speciescomplexandrelatedmycotoxinsprofilesin Fusariumheadblightinbreadwheat.Euphytica50:
Europe.JPlantPathol80:85–103. 171–179.
Buertsmayr H, Lemmens M, Hartl L, Doldi L. 2002. Stêpieñ £, Yu Chen, Che³kowski J, Kowalczyk K,
Molecular mapping of QTLs for Fusarium head 2001. Powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat:
blight resistance in spring wheat. I. Resistance to verification of STS markers. J Appl Genet 42:
fungal spread (Type II resistance). Theor Appl 413–423.
Genet104:84–91.
Tomczak M, Wiœniewska H, Stêpieñ £, Kostecki M,
CaliñskiT,KaczmarekZ,1973.Statisticalmethodsin Che³kowski J, Goliñski P, 2002. Deoxynivalenol,
the analysis of multivariate experiments. 3rd nivalenol and moniliformin occurrence in wheat
Methodological Colloquium in Agro-biometrics: samples with scab symptoms in Poland
258-320,PAN,Warsaw,Poland(inPolish). (1998-2000).EurJPlantPathol108(7):625–630.
ChenYu,Che³kowskiJ,1999.Genesforresistanceto Waldron BL, Moreno-Sevilla B, Anderson JA,
wheatpowderymildew.JApplGenet40:317–334. Stack RW, Frohberg RC, 1999. RFLP mapping of
Che³kowskiJ,1998.DistributionofFusariumspecies QTLforFusariumheadblightresistanceinwheat.
andtheirmycotoxinsincerealgrains.In:SinhaKK, CropSci39:805–811.
Bathnagar D, eds. Mycotoxins in Agriculture Winzeler M, Mesterhazy A, Park RF, Bartos P,
and Food Safety. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York: Csosz M, 2000. Resistance of European winter
45–64. wheat germplasm to leaf rust. Agronomie 20:
Felenstein FG, Limpert E, Fischbeck G, 1991. Wheat 783–792.
mildewpopulationintheFRGandneighbouringre- Wiœniewska H, Adamski T, Che³kowski J, Surma M,
gions: some aspects of their change. In: J(cid:1)rgensen 1997. Susceptibility of two-and six-rowed barley
H, ed. Integrated control of cereal mildews: viru- DH lines to Fusarium head blight. Proc 5th
lencepatternsandtheirchange.Ris(cid:1)NationalLab- European Fusarium Seminar, Szeged Hungary,
oratory,Roskilde,Denmark:1–7. 25(3/2):833–835.
GilchristLS,RajarmvanGinkel,KazimM,FrancoJ, WiœniewskaH,Che³kowskiJ,PerkowskiJ,BuœkoM,
1997. Characterizing Fusarium graminearum 2000. Resistance to Fusarium head blight
resistance of CIMMYT bread wheat germplasm. and deoxynivalenol accumulation in spring wheat
CerealResComm25:655–657. accessions inoculated with Fusarium culmorum.
Heun M, Fischbeck G, 1987. Genes for powdery 6th European Seminar ‘Fusarium Mycotoxins,
mildewresistanceincultivarsofspringwheat.Plant Taxonomy and Pathogenicity’. Berlin Dahlem,
Breeding99:282–288. MitteilungenausderBiologishenBundesanstaltfûr
Hovmoller MS, 1989. Race-specific powdery mildew LandundForstwirtschaft,Heft377:94.
resistance in 31 north-west European wheat WiœniewskaH,Che³kowskiJ,PerkowskiJ,BuœkoM,
cultivars.PlantBreeding103:228–234. Bocianowski J, 2002. Components of resistance
Jones RK, Mirocha CJ, 1999. Quality parameters in againstFusariumculmoruminspringwheat.JAppl
smallgrainsfromMinnesotaaffectedbyFusarium Genet43A:345–354.
headblight.PlantDis83:506–511. Wiœniewska H, Stêpieñ £, Kowalczyk K, 2003.
Kowalczyk K, Hsam SLK, Zeller FJ, 1998. Resistanceofspringwheatcultivarsandlinestoleaf
Identificationofpowderymildewresistancegenes rust.JApplGenet44:361–368.
incommonwheat(TriticumaestivumL.em.Thell.)
XI. Cultivars grown in Poland. J Appl Genet 39:
225–236.