Resistance in the Desert: Moroccan Responses to French Imperialism 1881-1912 PDF
Preview Resistance in the Desert: Moroccan Responses to French Imperialism 1881-1912
RESISTANCE IN THE DESERT Ross E. Dunn is Professor of History at San Diego State University Resistance in the Desert Moroccan Responses to French Imperialism 1881-1912 ROSS E. DUNN Illustrated by Jeanne Dunn CROOM HELM LIMITED THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN PRESS © 1977 Ross E. Dunn Part of Chapter 4 has appeared as an article: RossE Dunn The Trade of Tafilalt: Commercial Change in Southeast Morocco on the Eve of the Protectorate* African Historical Studies, 4, no. 2 (1971), pp. 271-304 Published by The African Studies Center, Boston University Copyright 1971 by the Board of Trustees of Boston University Part of Chapter 2 has appeared as an article: Ross E. Dunn ‘Berber Imperialism: The Ait Atta Expansion in Southeast Morocco* Ernest Gellner and Charles Micaud, eds. Arabs and Berbers; From Tribe to Nation in North A frica Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1972 London: Gerald Duckworth Publishers, 1972 pp. 85-107 All rights reserved Published in the United Kingdom and Continent of Europe by Croom Helm Ltd 2-10 St John's Road, London SW11 ISBN 0S5664-453-6 Published in the United States of America and Canada by The University of Wisconsin Press Box 1379, Madison, Wisconsin 53701 ISBN 0-299-07360-2, LC 76-52597 First printing 1977 Printed in Great Britain by Redwood Burn Ltd, Trowbridge and Esher CONTENTS A Note on Transliteration Acknowledgments Introduction 15 Part I The Southeast on the Eve of die French Conquest 1. The People of the Desert Fringe 31 2. Nomads: The Dawi Mani* and the Ait ‘Atta 50 3. Oasis-Dwellers: Tafilalt, Figuig, and Kenadsa 83 4. The Commercial Network 106 Part II Southeastern Morocco and the French Conquest 5. The Southeast between France and theMakhzan, 1881-1900 137 6. The Aftermath of Touat, 1900-1903 176 7. Resistance and the Commercial Shift, 1903-1907 204 8. The Southeast in the Era of Mawlay ‘Abd al-Hafid, 1908-1912 231 9. Southeastern Morocco and Africa in the Era of European Conquest 262 Glossary of Special Terms and Tribal Names 273 Sources 276 Index 284 MAPS 1. Southeastern Morocco and Frontier Region 33 2. Tribes of Southeastern Morocco and Frontier Region 37 3. Transhumance Pattem of the Dawi Mani4 58 4. Ait ‘Atta Expansion 73 5. Tafilalt and the Ziz Valley 85 6. Figuig 91 7. Trans-Saharan Routes 108 8. Major Trans-Atlas and Regional Routes 113 9. Algero-Moroccan Frontier Region 138 TABLES 1. Fifths and Clans of the Dawi Mani* 53 2. Segmentary Model of the Ait Khabbash 70 A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION The transliteration method used in this book is designed to accommodate the general reader more than the specialist, especially since a great many names of places, tribes, and individuals are introduced. I have followed a simplified version of standard English transliteration of Arabic terms. Special diacritics have been eliminated with the exception of hamza, indicated by an apostrophe, where it appears in the middle of a word; and ¿ , indicated by ‘. The consonant gaf(j¿ or ^ ) of Moroccan usage is indicated by ‘g’ and has a hard sound, as in ‘girl’. With a few exceptions I have avoided Arabic plurals and resorted to the device of adding ‘-s’ to the singular form. English transliteration is also used for names of tribes and individuals (excepting ‘Oufkir’ rather than *u Fakir’). I have rejected use of French spellings of proper and tribal names because they are confusing to non-French readers. Place names are spelled as they appear on standard French maps of Morocco and Algeria. Pronunciation of words in Moroccan or Algerian dialect differs in some cases from the transliterated form. I hâve, though, used the written language as my model in almost all cases. Since most Berber names and terms appear in sections dealing with the Ait ‘Atta, I have adopted the phonetic spellings developed by David M. Hart, who has done field work among this tribe. Again, however, I have dropped most diacritics. For those who may be interested the Glossary of Special Terms and Tribal Names gives the full English transliteration of the Arabic or Berber.
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