Residues of Pesticides and Other Foreign Chemicals in Foods and Feeds / Rückstände von Pesticiden und anderen Fremdstoffen in Nahrungs- und Futtermitteln

363 Pages·1969·5.824 MB·English

by  Donald G. Crosby (auth.), Francis A. Gunther (eds.)

RESIDUE REVIEWS
VOLUME 25
SPECIAL VOLUME - SEMINAR ON
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES
TO PESTICIDE METABOLISM,
DEGRADATION, AND
MODE OF ACTION
UNITED STATES - JAPAN SEMINAR
August 16-19, 1967
Nikko, Japan
SPRINGER-VERLAG
BERLIN • HEIDELBERG • NEW YORK
1969
RESIDUE REVIEWS
Residues of Pesticides and Other
Foreign Chemicals in Foods and Feeds
RUCKSTANDS-BERICHTE
Riickstande von Pesticiden und anderen
FremdstofIen in Nahrungs- und Futtennitteln
Edited by
FRANCIS A. GUNTHER
Riverside, California
ADVISORY BOARD
F. BAn, Berlin, Germany • F. BRO-RAsMUSSEN, Copenhagen, Denmark
J. W. COOK, Washington, D.C. • D. G. CROSBY, Davis, California
S. DORMAL-VAN DEN BRUEL, Bruxelles, Belgium
C. L. DuNN, Wilmington, Delaware • H. FREHSE, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany
J. C. GAGE, Macclesfield, England • H. GEISSBUm.ER, Stein AG, Switzerland
S. A. HALL, Beltsville, Maryland • T. H. HARRIS, Bethesda, Maryland
L. W. HAZLETON, Falls Church, Virginia • H. HURTIG, Ottawa, Canada
o.
R. KLIMMER, Bonn, Germany • G. K. KOHN, Richmond, California
H. F. LINSKENS, Nijmegen, The Netherlands • H. MAIER-BoDE, Bonn, Germany
N. N. MELNIKOV, Moscow, U.S.S.R. • R. MESTRES, Montpellier, France
P. DE PmTRI-TONELLI, Milano, Italy· R. ThUHAUT, Paris, France
VOLUME 25
SPRINGER-VERLAG
BERLIN· HEIDELBERG· NEW YORK
1969
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8445-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8443-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8443-8
AU rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in
any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag.
@ 1969 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1969
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 62-18595.
The use of general descriptive names, trades names, trade marks, etc. in this
publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be
taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and
Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Title No. 6627
Preface
That residues of pesticide and other "foreign" chemicals in food
stuffs are of concern to everyone everywhere is amply attested by the
reception accorded previous volumes of "Residue Reviews" and by
the gratifying enthusiasm, sincerity, and efforts shown by all the in
dividuals from whom manuscripts have been solicited. Despite much
propaganda to the contrary, there can never be any serious question
that pest-control chemicals and food-additive chemicals are essential
to adequate food production, manufacture, marketing, and storage, yet
without continuing surveillance and intelligent control some of those
that persist in our foodstuffs could at times conceivably endanger the
public health. Ensuring safety-in-use of these many chemicals is a
dynamic challenge, for established ones are continually being dis
placed by newly developed ones more acceptable to food tech
nologists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, and changing pest-control
requirements in progressive food-producing economies.
These matters are of genuine concern to increasing numbers of
governmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world, for
some of these chemicals have resulted in a few mishaps from improper
use. Adequate safety-in-use evaluations of any of these chemicals per
sisting into our foodstuffs are not simple matters, and they incorporate
the considered judgments of many individuals highly trained in a
variety of complex biological, chemical, food technological, medical,
pharmacological, and toxicological disciplines.
It is hoped that "Residue Reviews" will continue to serve as an
integrating factor both in focusing attention upon those many residue
matters requiring further attention and in collating for variously trained
readers present knowledge in specific important areas of residue and
related endeavors; no other single publication attempts to serve these
broad purposes. The contents of this and previous volumes of "Residue
Reviews" illustrate these objectives. Since manuscripts are published
in the order in which they are received in final form, it may seem that
some important aspects of residue analytical chemistry, biochemistry,
human and animal medicine, legislation, pharmacology, physiology,
regulation, and toxicology are being neglected; to the contrary, these
apparent omissions are recognized, and some pertinent manuscripts
are in preparation. However, the field is so large and the interests in it
are so varied that the editor and the Advisory Board earnestly solicit
suggestions of topics and authors to help make this international book
series even more useful and informative.
"Residue Reviews" attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of
timely advances, philosophy, and significant areas of accomplished or
needed endeavor in the total field of residues of these chemicals in
foods, in feeds, and in transformed food products. These reviews are
either general or specific, but properly they may lie in the domains of
analytical chemistry and its methodology, biochemistry, human and
animal medicine, legislation, pharmacology, physiology, regulation,
and tOxicology; certain affairs in the realm of food technology con
cerned specifically with pesticide and other food-additive problems
are also appropriate subject matter. The justification for the prepara
tion of any review for this book-series is that it deals with some aspect
of the many real problems arising from the presence of residues of
«foreign" chemicals in foodstuffs. Thus, manuscripts may encompass
those matters, in any country, which are involved in allowing pesticide
and other plant-protecting chemicals to be used safely in producing,
storing, and shipping crops. Added plant or animal pest-control chem
icals or their metabolites that may persist into meat and other edible
animal products (milk and milk products, eggs, etc.) are also residues
and are within this scope. The so-called food additives (substances
deliberately added to foods for flavor, odor, appearance, etc., as well
as those inadvertently added during manufacture, packaging, distribu
tion, storage, etc.) are also considered suitable review material.
Manuscripts are normally contributed by invitation, and may be in
English, French, or German. Preliminary communication with the
editor is necessary before volunteered reviews are submitted in manu
script form.
The Editor is grateful to DR. JOlIN E. CASIDA who very generously
assumed responsibility for collecting these manuscripts, for checking
galley and page proofs, and for preparation of the index of this special
volume. This assistance is gratefully acknowledged.
Department of Entomology F.A.G.
University of California
Riverside, California
December 6, 1968
Foreword
This volume of Residue Reviews presents the collected papers of a
Seminar on "Pesticide Metabolism, Degradation, and Mode of Action"
held in Nikko, Japan from 16-19 August 1967. This was the second in
a series of three seminars on pest control being held as a part of the
United States-Japan Cooperative Science Program under the Joint
Sponsorship of the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science. The first seminar was held in April 1967,
in Fukuoka, Japan; it dealt with "Microbiological Control of Pests."
The third seminar, held in Honolulu in January 1968, concerned "New
Biochemical Approaches to Pest Control." In each case, an approxi
mately equal number of participants from Japan and the United States
shared in the presentations and discussions.
The continued development of safe and efficient pesticides is
critical to the maintenance of an adequate food and fiber supply and
of a high standard of health for man and domestic animals. An increas
ing proportion of the research work that supports this need is con
ducted in Japan and the United States, the two nations participating
in the Seminar. While the total amount of pesticides used in Japan is
second only to the United States, the largest amount of pesticide usage
per unit area is in Japan. Both Japan and the United States are in the
vanguard of the nations that recognize certain serious problems which
result from the adverse effects on animals and plants associated with
the rapidly increasing use of pesticides. Cooperation between the two
countries can accelerate a solution to problems arising from pesticide
misuse, environmental contamination, potentially hazardous residues,
failure to control resistant pest populations, and related problems.
The papers published in this volume encompass the following
general areas of research: pesticide photodecomposition, herbicide
metabolism and mode of action, fungicide mode of action, insecticide
metabolism and mode of action, and physico-chemical approaches to
structure-activity relationships. The two aspects considered in most
detail are 1) the biochemistry of pesticide action in target and non
target organisms with particular reference to the mode of action and
metabolism, and 2) the progress being made in development of selec
tive and biodegradable pesticides. The emphasis on compounds useful
in rice culture is justified because of the importance of this crop in the
agricultural economy of the orient. The discussions following each
paper are not included here but their content is reflected to some
degree in the updated versions of the papers published in this volume,
especially in regard to future areas of useful research.
The 'co-organizers and participants of the August, 1967 Senrlnar are
pleased that the information exchanged at Nikko is now more broadly
available as a result of this publication of the collected papers.
JOHN E. CASIDA
(Co-organizer of Seminar)
Division of Entomology
University of California
Berkeley, California
KAZUO FUKUNAGA
(Co-organizer of Seminar)
National Institute of
Agricultural Sciences and
Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research, Tokyo
Table of Contents
Foreward ................................................ VII
Pesticide photodecomposition
Experimental approaches to pesticide photodecomposition
By D. G. CROSBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Photochemical degradation products of pentachlorophenol
By K. MUNAKATA and M. KUWAHARA .................... 13
II erbicide metabolism and mode of action
Reactions of pesticides in soils
By P. C. KEARNEY and C. S. HELLING .................... 25
Activation and inactivation of herbicides by higher plants
By S. MATSUNAKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45
Role of RNA metabolism in the action of auxin-herbicides
By J. B. HANSON and F. W. SLIFE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
Mode-of-action of photosynthesis inhibitor herbicides
By G. ZWEIG .......................................... 69
Fungicide mode of actiow
The strategy of nnding fungicides
By J. G. HORSFALL and R. J. LUKENS .................... 81
Mode of action of agricultural antibiotics developed in Japan
By T. MISATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
The fungitoxic mechanisms in quinoline compounds
and their chelates
By G. L. McNEW and H. GERSHON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107
On the fungicidal action of phenylmercuric compounds
By T. ISHIYAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123
Fungicidal action of organophosphorus compounds
By M. KADO and E. YOSHINAGA .......................... 133
Pentachlorobenzyl alcohol, a rice blast control agent
By M. ISHIDA, H. SUMI and H. OKU ...................... ' 139
Insecticide metabolism and mode of action
Radiotracer studies on metabolism, degradation, and mode of
action of insecticide chemicals
By J. E. Casida ........................................ 149
Mode of action of natural insecticides
By I. YAMAMOTO ...................................... 161
Selective toxicity of systemic insecticides
ByT. SAITO ........................................... 175
Specificity and mechanism in the action of saligenin cyclic
phosphorus esters
By M. ETO ........................................... 187
Mechanisms of pesticide interactions in vertebrates
By S. D. MURPHY •..••...•••.••.••••.•••••.••..•..•.••• 201
The in vitro metabolism of organophosphorus insecticides
by tissue homogenates from mammal and insect
By K. FUKUNAGA, J. FUKAMI and T. SmsHIDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
Mechanism of low toxicity of Sumithion toward mammals
By J. MIYAMOTO ...................................... , 251
Comparative mechanisms of insecticide binding
with nerve components of insects and mammals
By F. MATSUMURA and M. HAYASm ...................... 265
Mode of action of DDT and allethrin on nerve:
Cellular and molecular mechanisms
ByT. NARAHAsm ..................................... . 275
Biochemical genetics of insecticide resistance in the housefly
By M. TSUKAMOTO ..................................... . 289
Metabolism of strichnine nitrate
applied for the control of the bear
By T. INUKAI .......................................... . 315
Physico-chemical approaches
The correlation between physiological activity and
physiochemical property of the substituted phenols
By T. FUJITA and M. NAKAJIMA ......................... . 319
Physico-organic chemical approach to the mode of action of
organophosphorus insecticides
By T. R. FUKUTo ...................................... . 327
Physico-chemical studies on the absorption of pesticides
by the insect cuticle and penetration to the insect body
By M. SUWANAI ....................................... . 341
Subject Index .............................................. 355