Residential construction academy : electrical principles PDF
Preview Residential construction academy : electrical principles
Residential Construction Academy Electrical Principles Second Edition This page intentionally left blank NAHB " Notional Association erf Home Builders R E S I D E N T I A L C O N S T R U C T I O N A C A D E M Y Electrical Principles Second Edition STEPHEN L. H E R M A N ,- DELMAR t» CENGAGE Learning" AustraliaA u•s Btraraliazil(cid:129) •B Jraazpialn(cid:129) •J aKpoarnea(cid:129) •K oMreeax(cid:129)icMo e•x Siciong(cid:129)aSpiongrea p•o rSep(cid:129)aiSnp •a iUnn(cid:129)itUendi teKdinKgindgodmom • (cid:129)UUnnititeedd SSttaatteess Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 15 13 12 11 Table of Contents Preface........................................................x Electron Flow..............................................33 About this Book..........................................xii Insulators ..................................................34 About the Author........................................xix Methods of Producing Electricity...................35 Acknowledgments ........................................xx Summary....................................................35 Review Questions........................................36 S E C T I O N 1 CHAPTER 3 Basic Electricity ............1 Electrical Quantities and ’ CHAPTER 1 Ohm s Law.......................................37 Safety.....................................................3 The Coulomb...............................................39 The Amp ....................................................39 General Safety Rules .....................................5 The Electron Theory.....................................40 Effects of Electric Current on the Body............5 The Conventional Current Theory...................40 Protective Clothing .......................................9 Speed of Current.........................................40 Ladders and Scaffolds..................................10 Basic Electrical Circuits ...............................41 Fires..........................................................13 The Volt.....................................................43 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters..................13 The Ohm ....................................................43 Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters.......................14 The Watt....................................................44 Connecting an Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter....17 Other Measures of Power..............................45 Grounding..................................................18 Ohm’s Law..................................................46 Summary....................................................18 Metric Units...............................................47 Review Questions........................................20 Summary....................................................50 Review Questions........................................51 CHAPTER 2 Practice Problems........................................51 Basic Electrical Theory ..............26 Practical Applications..................................52 Early History of Electricity...........................28 CHAPTER 4 Atoms........................................................29 The Law of Charges .....................................29 Resistors.............................................53 Structure of the Atom..................................30 Uses of Resistors........................................55 Electron Orbits............................................31 Fixed Resistors...........................................55 Valence Electrons........................................33 v Color Code..................................................57 Review Questions......................................115 Standard Resistance Values of Fixed Practice Problems......................................115 Resistors....................................................61 Practical Applications................................118 Power Ratings.............................................61 Variable Resistors.......................................62 CHAPTER 8 Schematic Symbols......................................64 Measuring Instruments ............119 Summary....................................................65 Review Questions........................................66 Analog Meters...........................................121 Practice Problems........................................66 The Voltmeter...........................................121 Practical Applications..................................67 Multirange Voltmeters...............................122 Reading a Meter........................................124 CHAPTER 5 The Ammeter............................................125 Series Circuits Ammeter Shunts .......................................126 ..................................68 AC Ammeters............................................127 Series Circuits............................................70 Clamp-On Ammeters..................................129 Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit...................70 DC-AC Clamp-On Ammeters.........................130 Resistance in a Series Circuit.......................71 The Ohmmeter..........................................131 Calculating Series Circuit Values...................71 Digital Meters...........................................133 Solving Circuits...........................................72 The Low-Impedance Voltage Tester..............135 Voltage Dividers .........................................78 Summary..................................................136 The General Voltage Divider Formula.............79 Review Questions......................................137 Voltage Polarity..........................................79 Practice Problems......................................137 Using Ground as a Reference........................80 Practical Applications................................138 Summary....................................................81 Review Questions........................................82 CHAPTER 9 Practice Problems........................................83 Using Wire Tables Practical Applications..................................84 and Determining CHAPTER 6 Conductor Sizes ...........................139 Parallel Circuits ..............................85 The American Wire Gauge...........................141 Parallel Circuit Values.................................87 Using the National Electrical Code Charts ....142 Parallel Resistance Formulas........................88 Factors That Determine Ampacity................142 Summary....................................................96 Correction Factors.....................................146 Review Questions........................................97 Determining Conductor Size Using the NEC®..................................................148 Practice Problems........................................97 Duct Banks...............................................149 Practical Applications..................................99 Computing Conductor Sizes and Resistance......149 Computing Voltage Drop ............................154 CHAPTER 7 Coefficient of Temperature ........................155 Combination Circuits ................100 Parallel Conductors ...................................155 Testing Wire Installations..........................157 Combination Circuits.................................102 Summary..................................................158 Solving Combination Circuits......................102 Review Questions......................................159 Simplifying the Circuit..............................103 Practice Problems......................................160 Summary..................................................114 Practical Applications................................160 vi CHAPTER 10 Inductors Connected in Series ....................196 Inductors Connected in Parallel..................196 Magnetic Induction ....................161 Voltage and Current Relationships in an Magnetic Induction ...................................163 Inductive Circuit.......................................198 Fleming’s Left-Hand Generator Rule............164 Power in an Inductive Circuit .....................199 Moving Magnetic Fields..............................164 Reactive Power.........................................200 Determining the Amount of Q of an Inductor .......................................200 Induced Voltage........................................164 Summary..................................................201 Lenz’s Law ...............................................165 Review Questions......................................202 Rise Time of Current in an Inductor.............166 Practice Problems......................................202 The Exponential Curve ...............................167 Practical Applications................................203 Inductance...............................................168 R-L Time Constants ...................................169 CHAPTER 13 Induced Voltage Spikes..............................170 Resistive-Inductive Summary..................................................172 Series Circuits Review Questions......................................174 ................................204 RL Series Circuits......................................206 S E C T I O N 2 Impedance ...............................................206 Vectors....................................................207 Alternating Total Current............................................210 Current Voltage Drop across the Resistor.................211 .............................175 Watts.......................................................211 Computing the Inductance .........................212 CHAPTER 11 Voltage Drop across the Inductor................212 Total Voltage............................................212 Alternating Current ....................177 Computing the Reactive Power....................213 Computing the Apparent Power...................213 Advantages of Alternating Current..............179 Power Factor.............................................214 AC Wave Forms .........................................179 Angle Theta..............................................215 Sine Wave Values......................................181 Summary..................................................220 Resistive Loads.........................................184 Review Questions......................................221 Power in an AC Circuit...............................186 Practice Problems......................................221 Skin Effect in AC Circuits...........................186 Practical Applications................................222 Summary..................................................187 Review Questions......................................188 CHAPTER 14 Practice Problems......................................188 Practical Applications................................190 Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits .............................................223 CHAPTER 12 Inductance in Alternating Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits............225 Computing Circuit Values...........................226 Current Circuits ...........................191 Summary..................................................233 Review Questions......................................234 Inductance...............................................193 Practice Problems......................................234 Inductive Reactance..................................194 Practical Applications................................235 Schematic Symbols....................................196 vii CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 17 Capacitors Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive .......................................236 Circuits Capacitors................................................238 .............................................274 Electrostatic Charge ..................................239 RLC Series Circuits....................................276 Dielectric Constants..................................241 Example Circuit 1......................................276 Capacitor Ratings......................................242 RLC Parallel Circuits..................................279 Capacitors Connected in Parallel.................242 Example Circuit 2......................................279 Capacitors Connected in Series...................242 Summary..................................................282 Capacitive Charge and Discharge Rates........243 Review Questions......................................284 RC Time Constants.....................................244 Practice Problems......................................285 Applications for Capacitors ........................244 Practical Applications................................287 Nonpolarized Capacitors.............................245 Polarized Capacitors..................................247 CHAPTER 18 Variable Capacitors ...................................248 Single-Phase Transformers Testing Capacitors.....................................249 .....288 Connecting the Capacitor into an Single-Phase Transformers .........................290 AC Circuit.................................................250 Isolation Transformers...............................291 Capacitive Reactance.................................251 Autotransformers......................................302 Computing Capacitance..............................252 Transformer Polarities...............................303 Voltage and Current Relationships in a Pure Voltage and Current Relationships in a Capacitive Circuit......................................252 Transformer..............................................306 Power in a Pure Capacitive Circuit...............253 Testing the Transformer.............................307 Capacitor Voltage Rating............................254 Transformer Ratings..................................308 Effects of Frequency in a Capacitive Circuit .....255 Determining Maximum Current....................308 Summary..................................................260 Transformer Impedance..............................308 Review Questions......................................261 Summary..................................................310 Practice Problems......................................262 Review Questions......................................311 Practical Applications................................263 Practice Problems......................................311 Practical Applications................................313 CHAPTER 16 Resistive-Capacitive CHAPTER 19 Circuits .............................................264 Single-Phase Motors ..................314 R-C Series Circuits.....................................266 Split-Phase Motors....................................316 R-C Parallel Circuits ..................................268 Resistance-Start Induction-Run Motors........318 Summary..................................................270 Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors..........321 Review Questions......................................271 Dual-Voltage Split-Phase Motors.................322 Practice Problems......................................271 Determining the Direction of Rotation for Practical Applications................................272 Split-Phase Motors....................................324 viii
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