Reservoirs in a Changing World : Proceedings from the 12th International Conference organised by the British Dam Society held at TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN 4-8 September 2002. PDF
Preview Reservoirs in a Changing World : Proceedings from the 12th International Conference organised by the British Dam Society held at TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN 4-8 September 2002.
The British Dam Society Reservoirs in a changing world Proceedings of the 12th conference of the BDS held at TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN 4-8 September 2002 Edited by Paul Tedd Thomas Telford Conference organised by the British Dam Society Organising Committee: Andy Rowland (Chairman), John Gosden, Jack O'Keeffe, Chris Scott, Paul Tedd, John Whiting Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD. www.thomastelford.com Distributors for Thomas Telford books are USA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400, USA Japan: Maruzen Co. Ltd, Book Department, 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103 Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria First published 2002 The cover photograph shows Pollaphuca dam, Ireland, courtesy of ESB Also available from Thomas Telford Books The reservoir as an asset. British Dam Society. ISBN 0 7277 2528 9 Reservoir safety and the environment. British Dam Society. ISBN 0 7277 2010 4 Water resources and reservoir engineering. British Dam Society. ISBN 0 7277 1692 1 The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. British Dam Society. ISBN 0 7277 2704 4 A guide to the Reservoirs Act 1975. DETR and ICE. ISBN 0 7277 2851 2 Land drainage and flood defence responsibilities: 3rd edition. ICE. ISBN 0 7277 2508 4 Dams 2000. British Dam Society. ISBN 0 7277 2870 9 Reservoir engineering. Guidelines for practice. Edward Gosschalk. ISBN 0 7277 3099 1 Practical dam analysis. MAM Herzog. ISBN 0 7277 2725 7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0 7277 3139 4 © The authors and Thomas Telford Limited 2002 All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishing Director, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4.ID. This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin Preface The 12* Conference of the British Dam Society, Reservoirs in a Changing World was held at Trinity College, Dublin, in September 2002. The proceedings of the conference contain a varied collection of 47 papers. Reservoir safety is the key theme with many papers on the performance and rehabilitation of both concrete and embankment dams although a few papers describe the construction of new dams overseas. The evolution of reservoirs in Ireland and the development of safety legislation in the UK are described. Risk assessment features in a number of papers as a method of assessing the safety of reservoirs. The likely effects of climate change on embankments are reviewed. Several papers address the seismic assessment of dams and structures. The performance of upstream asphaltic membranes in the UK and Ireland is described with reference to the major remedial works undertaken at Winscar which has been repaired with a PVC geomembrane. Repair of hydraulic structures and the hydrology of spillways are discussed. The highlight of every BDS biennial conference is the presentation of the Geoffrey Binnie Lecture. The 2002 Lecture, The Challenge for British Dam Engineers by Dr Geoffrey P Sims, is published in the Society's journal Dams & Reservoirs. Contents Development and construction of dams Some aspects of early Irish dam construction E FLEMING 3 The contribution to society of Irish hydro-electric dams JDO'KEEFFE 15 Design, construction and performance of Fullerton Pollan dam and reservoir, Co Donegal, Ireland R C BRIDLE, J HOLOHAN, D GILLESPIE, D A SMITH, S FAWCETT, S McINEKNEY, I C CARTER and R EVANS 31 Challenging values of dam builders C S McCULLOCH 49 Ghazi-Barotha hydropower project: social issues and engineering design P E JONES, J C ACKERS, and A CHAUDHURY 61 RCC Construction at Tannur dam M AIREY 73 Seismic performance of dams Seismic assessment of Scottish dams K J DEMPSTER, A C MORTSON, S C GALLOCHER and S BU 87 Assessing the seismic performance of UK intake/outlet towers W E DANIELL and C A TAYLOR 100 Seismic hazard in the UK - another look C W SCOTT and J J BOMMER 112 A methodology for seismic investigation and analysis of dams in the UK P RIGBY, S WALTHALL and K D GARDINER 126 Remedial works to concrete and masonry dams Stability reassessment and remedial works at Leixlip dam B O'MAHONY and B HAUGH ]43 Rehabilitation of old masonry dams at full reservoir level - a comparison of successful rehabilitation projects V BETTZIECHE and C HEITEFUSS 155 Underwater work as a means for the rehabilitation of large hydraulic structures under operation and unrestricted water supply C HEITEFUSS and H J KNY 167 Hydraulic structures — hydrology Sluiceway isolation for gate replacement at Kotri Barrage in Pakistan I E PADGETT and K F MORRISON 181 Maintaining the Thames tidal defences in a century of climate change J LEWIN and S LA VERY 193 Flood control using the automatic tops spillway gates: A case study of the Avis Dam, Namibia P D TOWNSHEND and K A LUND 209 The release of large diameter draw-off and control valves R P ENSTON and D C F LATHAM 218 Remedial works at Brent Reservoir to address leaking sluice gates RAN HUGHES and P KELLY 224 Refurbishment of outlet tunnel and associated pipework at Piethorne Reservoir A BRISCOE, A A GEORGE, I C CARTER and P GRUNDY 236 Langsett Reservoir: A combined analytical and CFD study of a reservoir side-spillway D R S WOOLF and J N HACKER 247 Langsett Reservoir: Numerical simulation of hydraulic structures D R S WOOLF and I SCHOLEFIELD 262 Rehabilitation of the Upper and Lower Bohernabreena Spillways D E MacDONALD and J D MOLYNEUX 274 Embankment dams performance and remedial works Rehabilitation of irrigation dams in Albania J L HINKS and Y DEDJA 289 River Shannon hydro-electric scheme: failure of upstream slope of Fort Henry Embankment: Analysis M LONG, I LYDON and E CONATY 302 River Shannon hydro-electric scheme: Fort Henry embankment, upstream slope failure and remedial work B CASEY, M LONG, and T FITZGIBBON 314 Long term behaviour of Portumna embankments E CONATY and M LONG 324 The influence of climate and climate change on the stability of abutment and reservoir slopes P R VAUGHAN, N KOVACEVIC and A M RIDLEY 337 The influence of climate and climate change on the stability of embankment dam slopes P R VAUGHAN, N KOVACEVIC and A M RIDLEY 353 Settlement of old embankment dams and reservoir drawdown P TEDD, J A CHARLES and A C ROBERTSHAW 367 Internal erosion in European embankment dams J A CHARLES 378 The use of temperature measurements for detection of leakage in embankment dams - British Waterways experience D P M DUTTON 394 The successful grouting of Heapey embankment, Anglezarke reservoir C D PARKS and S WALTHALL 403 Performance and repair of upstream membranes Improving the watertightness of Winscar Reservoir I C CARTER, J R CLAYDON and M J HILL 415 Turlough Hill — upper reservoir: condition of the lining after 30 years B HAUGH 431 Colliford and Roadford dams: performance of the asphaltic concrete membranes and the embankments J K HOPKINS, P TEDD and C BRAY 444 Breaclaich dam- upstream face joint bandage sealant and wavewall refurbishment works K J DEMPSTER and N LANNEN 456 Safety and risk Tailings dam incidents and new methods ADM PENMAN 471 The IMPACT Project - continuing European research on dambreak processes and the failure of flood embankments M W MORRIS 484 A historical perspective on reservoir safety legislation in the United Kingdom J A CHARLES 494 Risk assessment and the safety case in dam safety decisions D N D HARTFORD and R A STEWART 510 Risk assessment - its development and relevant considerations for dam safety J McQUAID 520 Multi-attribute performance monitoring for reservoir systems J W HALL, J W LE MASURIER, E A BAKER, J P DAVIS and C A TAYLOR 534 Reservoir risk assessments in the north of Scotland F TARRANT, J ACKERS and N GRAHAM-SMITH 551 Lake Sarez risk mitigation project L J S ATTEWILL and L SPASIC-GRIL 563 Where to keep your dam documents? j STEWART 575 The characteristics of UK puddle clay cores -a review AIBMOFFAT 581 A review of systems used to assess dam safety A J BROWN and J D GOSDEN 602 Author index 619 Subject index 621 Dam index 622 Development and construction of dams Some aspects of early Irish dam construction E FLEMING, Dublin Corporation Waterworks Division SYNOPSIS. Only a handful of reservoirs were built in Ireland before 1870. This paper describes some of these early dams and the problems encountered in their construction and design. The benefits and negative social impacts of the dams are also discussed. INTRODUCTION There are approximately 130 large raised reservoirs (as defined in the UK Reservoir Act 1975) on the island of Ireland. This small number is due to the late development of industry - the Industrial Revolution bypassed all but the North East of the country - and low density of population. Indeed the number of large reservoirs in the country only moved into double figures in the 1870's as public water supplies were developed for major towns. In this paper I propose to deal with some interesting aspects of those dams built before 1870. THE ORNAMENTAL LAKE Probably the oldest large raised reservoir in Ireland is a so-called "pleasure lake" at Luttrellestown House, Co Dublin. It is shown on Rocque's 1760 map of County Dublin and contemporary correspondence indicates a construction date circa 1740. The reservoir is 5 hectares in extent and the main dam is over 8 metres high but it is privately owned and little detail of its construction is available. The earliest pleasure lake about which we do have engineering details was constructed some forty years later at Dungannon Park, Co Tyrone. According to local tradition, this was designed by Daviso de Arcort (Davis Ducart), a Sardinian who also designed the adjacent Coalisland Canal extension. Original masonry The original dam is a masonry structure of local sandstone Concrete 1.4 m thick, gently curved in plan with a maximum height added in of 8 m above its foundations 1988 and impounds approximately 70 Ml. In 1988, to ensure its continued safety, a mass concrete wall, keyed into bedrock, was cast against the upstream face to provide Fig 1 Section: Dungannon Park Reservoirs in a Changing World, Thomas Telford, London, 2002, 3-14 4 DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS additional weight. A waterproof membrane was placed between the concrete and masonry and the walls were dowelled together (Fig 1). CANAL EMBANKMENTS In the hundred year period commencing in the mid-eighteenth century an extensive network of inland navigation was constructed in Ireland. The network consisted of still water canals, canalised rivers and lake navigations, most of which were interconnected. Although, unlike Britain, none of these canals required man-made storage reservoirs at their summits, their construction involved the first extensive creation of large embankments and use of puddle clay in Ireland. A particular problem faced by the builders of the first of these canals, the Grand Canal linking Dublin to the river Shannon, was that of carrying the canal across the extensive Bog of Allen in the centre of Ireland. The Canal Company sought the advice of John Smeaton in 1773 and he advised "to avoid bogs if at all possible, but of all things going deeply into them". Smeaton's pupil, William Jessop, followed his master's advice and to avoid excavation, the canal was constructed by raising a huge embankment on the surface of the bog using air-dried peat, "firmly trampled and chopped", as the material. The embankment generally has a 120 m base width, a 19 m top width and is 14 m high, with the canal carried along its centre. As the locks are 30km apart, this section of the canal constitutes a large raised reservoir. These embankments have been a constant source of concern with about ten failures since 1797, the most recent of which was in 1989 when a 400 m length breached near Edenderry, Co Offaly, releasing an estimated 135 million litres of water and displacing approximately 200,000 cu.m of material (Fig 2). 1 Peat fill min Cu = 16kPa Puddle on 2 Peat fill min Cu = 12kPa membrane on 3 Peat fill min Cu = SkPa geotextile Profile after breach Vertical drains to drainage blanket to outfall Top of Glacial Till Fig 2 Section: Grand Canal at Edenderry Breach
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