Research Journal

105 Pages·2012·14.43 MB·English

BUITEMS
J. QAuaplitpy &. EExcmelle.n Scec in Education
Vol 2, Issue 2, December 2011 ISSN 1814-070X
BUITEMS
JOURNAL OF APPLIED & EMERGING SCIENCES
Quality & Excellence in Education
Balochistan University of Information Technology
Engineering and Management Sciences
110
BUITEMS
Quality & Excellence in Education
J. App. Em. Sc ISSN 1814-070X
Vol 2, Issue 2, December 2011
JOURNAL OF APPLIED AND EMERGING SCIENCES
Balochistan University of Information Technology
Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta
Patron
Ahmed Farooq Bazai
Editor
Jamil Ahmad
Co-Editors
M.A.K Malghani
Mohammad Nawaz
Editorial Committee:
Francescha Damiola, (France); T. Suzuki, (Japan); Simon Maddocks, (Australia);
Richard Mougwe, (France); Guntram Borck, (Germany); Khushnooda Ramzan,
(Saudi Arabia); Sonia Garritano, (Italy); Ali Muhammad Warya, (Pakistan);
Rehan Sadiq Shaikh, (Pakistan); Masroor Ellahi Babar, (Pakistan);
Muhammad Younis, (Pakistan); Farhat Abbas, (Pakistan); Abdul Wali, (Pakistan);
Zafar Iqbal Randhawa, (Pakistan); Ehsanullah Kakar,; Abid Hussain Rizvi, (Pakistan);
Barkat Ali, (Pakistan) ; Muhammad. Saeed, (Pakistan) ; Nazir Ahmed, (Pakistan);
Jaffar Hassan (Pakistan); Muhammad Naeem Shahwani (Pakistan); Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, (Pakistan);
Muhammad Abbas, (Pakistan); Muhammad Asif, (Pakistan); Hamid Abdullah, (Pakistan).
Acknowledgement: Financial Support of BUITEMS through the forum of Directorate of
Research is gratefully acknowledged.
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Quality & Excellence in Education
Preface
This is the issue number 2 of the second volume of the Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences
published and distributed by the Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering
and Management Sciences BUITEMS, a leading university of Balochistan and Pakistan with vision
and mission statements as follows:-
Vision
To be among the leading universities of the world – accessible to all, imparting quality education
and promoting cutting edge research.
Mission
We are committed to providing quality education with focus on research and to equip students
with the art of living as productive members of society, contributing to the socio-economic uplift
of Pakistan in general, and Balochistan in particular.
The original work of researchers published here in this issue is yet another effort of the university
to meet its mandate expressed in the Vision and Mission Statements for the promotion of research
despite all odds. The editorial committee selects quality papers with continuous effort to improve
the criteria for evaluation of papers with help of referees and subject experts. Present issue
publishes 17 papers, but the editorial committee has recommended many more which will appear
in following issues for the reason of time constraints in the processing.
The editors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Engr. Ahmed Farooq Bazai, Vice Chancellor
for his personal involvement and partcipation in BUITEMS publications including Research Journal.
The editors also wish to express thanks to all those who helped and provided their services in
publishing this issue.
Editor
Jamil Ahmad, PhD
Director ORIC
Email: [email protected]
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Quality & Excellence in Education
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
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Quality & Excellence in Education
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Examples
Reference pattern_Journal
Marazita ML, Ploughman LM, Rawlings B, Remington E, Arnos KS, and Nance WE. (1993)
Genetic Epidemiological studies of early onset deafness in U.S school-age population. Am J
Med Genet 46:486-491.
Reference pattern_book
Karathwohl DR. (1988) How to prepare a research proposal. Guidelines for funding and
dissertations in the social and behavioural sciences. 3rd Ed. New York, Syracuse University
Press.
OR
Blumenfeld H (2001) Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases. Yale University School of
Medicine, New York.
Reference pattern_conference
Asmussen LE, Hicks DW, Leonard RA, Knisel WG, and Perkins HF. “Potential Pesticide
Contamination in Groundwater Recharge Areas: A model Simulation”. Proceedings of the
Georgia Water Resource Conference, University of Georgia. 161-164, Georgia, May, 1989.
Authors are requested to prepare the manuscript carefully before submitting it for publication
so as to minimize the corrections. Proofs of articles will not be provided. lf there is any Editorial
revision, it must be made while your article is still in manuscript form.
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Quality & Excellence in Education
CONTENTS
Nasrullah, Maqsood Ahmad Khan, Aamir Mahmood, Mohammad Gohram Khan Malghani, 116
Ehsanullah Kakar
SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN
BALOCHISTAN
Arshad Ali and Ehsanullah Kakar 124
FAILURE PREDICTION AND CRACK PROPAGATION WITH STRESS CONCENTRATION USING
COHESIVE ZONE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Muhammad Qasim Khan, Feroz Mehmood, Dawood Khan and Walayat Hussain 131
BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENT E-VOTING SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
Muhammad Khalid Baloch, Roden J Hovel, Masood ul Haq Kakar, Muhammad Arif Awan, Saeed 136
ur Rehman, Naveed Iqbal , Nazeer Ahmed and Muhammad Azam Kakar
AN EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF INDIGENOUS SHEEP BREEDS IN
BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN
Masroor Ali khan, Ramla Achakzai, Muhammad Shafee, Ferhat Abbas, Abdul Wadood and 143
Muhammad Masood Tariq
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESCHRESIA COLI FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN
QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN
Noor ul Huda Khan Asghar, Zaheer Abbas Gilani, Muhammad Saifullah Awan, Irshad Ahmad and 146
Muhammad Asghar
CHARACTERIZATION OF INGAN BY MEANS OF C-V MEASUREMENT OF RESPECTIVE LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE (LED) BY DLTS
Azhar Usman and Aamir Mahmood 150
URBAN POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, AND LOCATION OF SLUMS: IS THERE ANY LINKAGE?
A STUDY OF URBAN SLUMS IN KARACHI
Arif Ali and Walayat Hussain 156
E-GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN: NEED FOR INTEGRATION
Osama Sohaib, Walayat Hussain, Muhammad Qasim Khan and Abdul Basit 159
EDUCATIONAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
AsmaYousafzai, Safina Ara, Fariha Javed, Nusrat Jahan, Nazir Ahmed, Muhammad Waseem, 164
Muhammad Asif
KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS AND SERUM ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC
GROUPS OF BALOCHISTAN
170
Hamdullah Khan and Anees ur Rahman
HERMITIAN OPERATORS AND ITS APPLICATION TO UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
173
Ibrahim and Faisal Mushtaq
MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF SUBLIMATIONCONDENSATION PROCESS IN
SOLID-VAPOR SYSTEM
183
Muhammad Tahir Hasni, Dost Mohammad Baloch, Nusrat Jahan, Asmat Ullah Taran
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annus
L.) HYBRIDS
190
Attique Shah, Mazhar Ali and Aftab Ahmed
RESOLVING CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY ISSUES USING ITIL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
PROCESS
197
Aftab Ahmed, Ali Kamran, Mazhar Ali, Abdul Wahid Shaikh
HEURISTIC APPROACHES FOR SOLVING N-QUEENS PROBLEM
202
Kashif Ibrahim, Qazi Javed Ahmed, Abdul Qudoos, Mirza Aamir Mehmood
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE MOBILE AD HOC ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
208
M. Nawaz
QUANTALOIDS AND SHEAVES ON RIGHT GELFAND QUANTALES
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Quality & Excellence in Education
SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN
SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT
DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN
Nasrullah1, Maqsood Ahmad Khan1, Aamir Mahmood1, Mohammad Gohram Khan Malghani1,
Ehsanullah Kakar2
1Department of Environmental Management and Policy, BUITEMS, Quetta
2Department of Civil Engineering, BUITEMS, Quetta
Abstract
In the globally changing scenario water is becoming scarier and important due to its non-
availability for the communities in almost every corner of the world. Focusing on the importance
of the water a research was conducted on the socio-economic effects of water table depletion
in Pishin Balochistan. primary data was collected through a questionnaire,secondary data from
different generals, line departments and reports, the finding were discussed in focus group
discussions in Karezaat and analyzed. Due to agrarian society absolute majority of people are
engage with agriculture and they are irrigating their agriculture fields through tube wells by
pumping the underground water through electric motor pumps that resulted in the water table
depletion and change in agriculture productivity in the area. Which directly affect the socio
economic conditions of the people of area like effect on children education, local traditions, and
migration is taking place to urban centers. The unemployment, poverty and crime rate is
increased. The Water Table in the area could be improved by the introduction, adoption and
expansion of low delta crops, best water management practices, strictly implementation and
monitoring of tube wells installation rule and regulation, diversify the means of livelihood.
Keywords: economic effects, water scarcity, karezaat, Pishin, Balochistan
Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION Assessing socio-economic impacts requires
Socio-economic factors are lifestyle both quantitative and qualitative measure-
components and measurements of both ments of the impact. It also examines how a
financial viability and social standing. They proposed development or a major
directly influence social privilege and levels climate/environmental phenomenon will
of financial independence. Factors such as change the lives of current and future resi-
health status, income, environment and dents of a community, the perceptions of
education are studied by sociologists in terms community members about how a proposed
of how they each affect human behaviors and development will affect their lives is a critical
circumstances (Chris and Mehmood ul part of the assessment and should contrib-
Hassan, 2000) ute to any decision to move ahead with a
Socio-economic impact assessment is project. In fact, gaining an understanding of
designed to assist communities in making community values and concerns is an impor-
decisions that promote long-term tant first step in conducting a socio-econom-
sustainability, including economic prosperity, ic impact assessment (District Pishin, 1998
a healthy community, and social well-being. and GOB, 2010).
Analysis are made in two situations: 1) Conducting a social impact assessment is
assessing impacts of a proposed important for several reasons. In general, it
development, 2) in case of a major is used to alert the community, including
climate/environmental change. residents and local officials, of the impact
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Quality & Excellence in Education
SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN
and magnitude of the proposed develop-
m3/capita, water is regarded as a potentially
ment on the community’s social and eco-
serious constraint, and a major problem in
nomic well-being. The assessment can help
drought years. Water scarcity provides a
communities avoid creating inequities
measure of the sensitivity of a given situation
among community groups as well as encour-
to drought. In situations where the average
age the positive impacts associated with the
availability of water per capita is low, even
development.(cid:143)The impact assessment pro-
slight variations can render whole
vides estimates of expected changes in de-
communities unable to cope and create
mographics, housing, public services, and
disaster conditions.
even the aesthetic quality of the community
Causes of water scarcity
that will result from the development. Equally
The causes of water scarcity are varied.
important, the assessment provides an op-
Some are natural and others are as a result
portunity for diverse community values to be
of human activity. The current debate sites
integrated into the decision-making process.
the causes as largely deterministic in that
Together, these components of the assess-
scarcity is a result of identifiable cause and
ment provide a foundation on which deci-
effect. However, if water scarcity is the point
sions about whether to alter or change a
at which water stress occurs (the point at
proposed development can be made.
which various conflicts arise, harvests fail and
Generally, a two-step process for conducting the like), then there are also less definable
a socio-economic impact analysis is used. sociological and political causes. Many of the
The process is designed to establish a causes are inter-related and are not easily
framework for evaluating current and future distinguished (Jeevands et al.,1998).
proposed developments in a community. Most countries in the Near East and North
The two phases of socio-economic impact Africa suffer from acute water scarcity, as do
assessment are: (1) defining the scope of countries such as Mexico, Pakistan, South
the Socio-Economic Impact Assessment, (2) Africa, and large parts of China and India.
identifying and evaluating development im- Irrigated agriculture, which represents the
pacts for quantitative changes and commu- bulk of the demand for water in these
nity perceptions (Hussain and Tajmal, 2000) countries, is also usually the first sector
affected by water shortage and increased
Water Scarcity
scarcity, resulting in a decreased capacity to
Water is essential for all socio-economic
maintain per capita food production while
development and for maintaining healthy
meeting water needs for domestic, industrial
ecosystems. As population increases and
and environmental purposes. In order to
development calls for increased allocations
sustain their needs, these countries need to
of groundwater and surface water for the
focus on the efficient use of all water sources
domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors,
(groundwater, surface water and rainfall) and
the pressure on water resources intensifies,
on water allocation strategies that maximize
leading to tensions, conflicts among users,
the economic and social returns to limited
and excessive pressure on the environment.
water resources, and at the same time
The increasing stress on freshwater
enhance the water productivity of all sectors.
resources brought about by ever rising
demand and profligate use, as well as by
growing pollution worldwide, is of serious MATERIALS AND METHODS
concern.
The research study on socio-economic ef-
The Food and Agriculture Organization
fects of water table depletion in tehsil Kar-
(FAO) of the United Nations regards water
ezaat district Pishin was conducted in Tehsil
as a severe constraint on socio-economic
Karezaat District Pishin as part of Masters of
development and environmental protection
Science in Environmental Management and
at levels of internal renewable water
Policy thesis in 2010, The methodology used
availability of less than 1 000 m3/capita. At
for research such as:
levels of water availability of less than 2000
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Quality & Excellence in Education
SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN
Collection of Secondary data belong to various walk of life including
A large number of books, newspaper articles, farmers, government officials, experts and
magazines and web pages were reviewed to they have respected names in their
understand macro dimension of the issues respective professions. The views of
and ripple effects of those historical events participants of focus group discussions were
that have shaped situation as of today. This also considered in research finding to enrich
material was be analyzed to draw the results and discussion.
international, national, and regional context
of the issue. Learning from literature review RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
was also help to understand the issue, Source of irrigation
developing questionnaire for primary data Data presented in table 1 as the source of
collection and designing focus group irrigation of the household as affected by
discussions. water depletion in tehsil Karezaat district
Collection of Primary data Pishin. Analyses of the data indicated that
The Primary data was collected through 92 % houses in the communities are using
survey conducted in thirty villages of nine the major source of irrigation tube well for
union councils of Tehsil Karezaat District agriculture activities, while 5% houses are
Pishin, ten households were included from using wells, whereas 2 % houses are
each village. Total 300 people from 300 irrigating their fields through streams
households of thirty villages of nine union (Karazes) followed by 1% on using other
council. means of irrigation to grow agriculture crops
Sampling strategy in the said tehsil of district Pishin. It is crystal
Data was collected during household visits clear from the above results that the major
in the respective villages. The number of source of irrigation is tube wells which is
households from each village was ten increasing and now dominating source of
household as sample. Once the number of irrigation, groundwater has always been and
household visits from each area is decided, still is an important source of irrigation water
then systematic sampling approach was used in Baluchistan. Ramzan (2000) and Gisser M
to select the household in each village. and Sanches (1980) in his study confirmed
Household visits started from a prominent that there has been a rapid increase in drilling
landmark in the area such a big mosque or over the last 20 years, resulting in some
a government office or a school. The major benefits but with accompanying
sampling interval for the household visits was disadvantages. Until 1989, approximately 22
decided based on the following formula: percent of land in the province was irrigated
Sampling interval= total number of from underground water resources such as
households in the village/sample size for the Karazes, springs, open wells and tube wells.
village. By 1998, however, land irrigated from these
Data analysis sources was 34.5 percent, with tube wells
Data analysis was performed using SPSS alone accounting for 22.8 percent.
software version 13. Descriptive statistics
such as means for continuous and proportion Table 1: Source of irrigation.
for categorical variables were calculated to
Source of irrigation Frequency Percent
check for missing information and the
Wells 16 5
distribution of key indicators.
Focus group discussions Tube wells 275 92
The results of the research was shared with
Karazes 3 1
the participants of Five multiple focus group
Stream 6 1
discussions in various villages of five union
council of Karezaat with groups of different Total 300 100
stakeholders (farmers, line agencies officials,
agriculture and water experts) were held.
Participants of focus group discussions were
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Quality & Excellence in Education
SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN
Water Availability for agriculture
Data presented in table 2 as the current water
depletion situation is enough for cropping of
the household as affected by water depletion
in tehsil Karezaat district Pishin. Analyses of
the data indicated that 66.3 % houses in the
communities are not satisfied from the
current water situation for their irrigation,
whereas 33.7 % houses are satisfied from
the available water to them for irrigating their
fields to grow agriculture crops in the said
tehsil of district Pishin. It is evident from the
above results that the major source of Reasons for change in agriculture
irrigation is tube wells which is increasing and productivity
now dominating source of irrigation, It is also Data presented in table 4 on major reasons
proved from the said results that the graph of of change in agriculture production of the
commercial crops are increasing rapidly in household as affected by water depletion in
the said tehsil which is Sami arid zone and tehsil Karezaat district Pishin. Perusal of the
the commercial high delta crops is not data interprets that 67 % houses in the
suitable for tehsil Karezaat which require communities are thinking that the depletion
more quantity of water and farmers are of water table or the shortage of water is the
pumping from underground which is major reason of change in agriculture
considered to be the major cause of water productivity in the area followed by 15% think
depletion in the area. the shortage of electricity load shedding is
the major reason of change in productivity
10% make responsible climate change and
Table 2: Water availability for agriculture.
6% community is on the view that the lack of
Water availability
Frequency Percent water reservoirs (Dams) contributes toward
for agriculture
the change in agriculture productivity as
Satisfied 100 33.7 major reason in the tehsil Karezaat of district
Not satisfied 200 66.3 Pishin. It is clear from the above results that
the change in the agriculture productivity
Total 300 100
could be due to the reason that and absolute
majority are well aware about the major
Change in agriculture productivity reason of change in productivity as water
Data shown in table 3 on the change in shortage, followed by the climate change and
agriculture production of the household as load shedding.
affected by water depletion in tehsil Karezaat
Table 4: Reasons for change in agriculture productivity
district Pishin. Statistical analyses of the data
depicted that 80.2 % houses in the
communities have noted change in Reasons Frequency Percent
agriculture production in the area while Water depletion 200 67
18.8% household did not observe any
Climate Change 30 10
change in agriculture production and 1%
household did not have any knowledge about Load shedding 45 15
change in production in the tehsil Karezaat
lack of dams 18 6
of district Pishin. It is pertinent from the above
Others 7 3
results that the change in the agriculture
productivity may be due to the depletion of Total 300 100
water and excessive use of the natural
resources including land and water, the soil Situation of water table depletion
is losing the productivity. Data on depletion of water table in your
household as affected by water depletion in
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