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BUITEMS J. QAuaplitpy &. EExcmelle.n Scec in Education Vol 2, Issue 2, December 2011 ISSN 1814-070X BUITEMS JOURNAL OF APPLIED & EMERGING SCIENCES Quality & Excellence in Education Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences 110 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education J. App. Em. Sc ISSN 1814-070X Vol 2, Issue 2, December 2011 JOURNAL OF APPLIED AND EMERGING SCIENCES Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta Patron Ahmed Farooq Bazai Editor Jamil Ahmad Co-Editors M.A.K Malghani Mohammad Nawaz Editorial Committee: Francescha Damiola, (France); T. Suzuki, (Japan); Simon Maddocks, (Australia); Richard Mougwe, (France); Guntram Borck, (Germany); Khushnooda Ramzan, (Saudi Arabia); Sonia Garritano, (Italy); Ali Muhammad Warya, (Pakistan); Rehan Sadiq Shaikh, (Pakistan); Masroor Ellahi Babar, (Pakistan); Muhammad Younis, (Pakistan); Farhat Abbas, (Pakistan); Abdul Wali, (Pakistan); Zafar Iqbal Randhawa, (Pakistan); Ehsanullah Kakar,; Abid Hussain Rizvi, (Pakistan); Barkat Ali, (Pakistan) ; Muhammad. Saeed, (Pakistan) ; Nazir Ahmed, (Pakistan); Jaffar Hassan (Pakistan); Muhammad Naeem Shahwani (Pakistan); Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, (Pakistan); Muhammad Abbas, (Pakistan); Muhammad Asif, (Pakistan); Hamid Abdullah, (Pakistan). Acknowledgement: Financial Support of BUITEMS through the forum of Directorate of Research is gratefully acknowledged. 11I1 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education Preface This is the issue number 2 of the second volume of the Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences published and distributed by the Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences BUITEMS, a leading university of Balochistan and Pakistan with vision and mission statements as follows:- Vision To be among the leading universities of the world – accessible to all, imparting quality education and promoting cutting edge research. Mission We are committed to providing quality education with focus on research and to equip students with the art of living as productive members of society, contributing to the socio-economic uplift of Pakistan in general, and Balochistan in particular. The original work of researchers published here in this issue is yet another effort of the university to meet its mandate expressed in the Vision and Mission Statements for the promotion of research despite all odds. The editorial committee selects quality papers with continuous effort to improve the criteria for evaluation of papers with help of referees and subject experts. Present issue publishes 17 papers, but the editorial committee has recommended many more which will appear in following issues for the reason of time constraints in the processing. The editors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Engr. Ahmed Farooq Bazai, Vice Chancellor for his personal involvement and partcipation in BUITEMS publications including Research Journal. The editors also wish to express thanks to all those who helped and provided their services in publishing this issue. Editor Jamil Ahmad, PhD Director ORIC Email: [email protected] 11II2 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Authors are requested to send the manuscripts typed in MS WORD and on CD-ROM, only those articles will be considered in which the work reported is original and the results are solely contributed to this journal. Screening of the articles will be done by the referees. In case they do not consider an article suitable for publishing, they can reject the article or send it back to the author for revision. The comments of referees are considered as the final decision. Typescript Articles must be typed on one side of the paper. It should be double-spaced and with a 30mm margin on all sides on white bond paper. This also applies to the abstract, tables, figure captions and the list of references each of which should be typed on separate sheets. Title Page Title should be brief and informative, typed in 14 pts. First alphabet of each word except prepositions should be capital and the rest in small letters. Names of authors should be followed by address of Institutions. The address for communication (along with e-mail address and telephone, telex and fax numbers), should also be given. Abstract The abstract should indicate the objective of the study, method, principal findings and should be typed in double space. It should not be more than 150 words. Key words Four to six key words must be provided which could assist in indexing. Text Heading All headings should be left aligned and BOLD. The main sections headings should be typed in 14 pts Capital letters the sub-headings should be typed similarly in lower case (12 pts) bold letters. Introduction The paper must start with ‘Introduction’ which should not be more than 200 words. Text of the paper must be typed in 12 pts. Materials and Methods Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced, with details of supplier and catalogue number when appropriate. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described. Results and Discussion Results followed by discussion can be included under the same heading of Results and Discussion or as separate. Acknowledgement Few lines of any desired acknowledgement of research support or other credit should be added if required. 11II3I BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education Tables and Graphs All tables must be numbered consecutively in arabic numerals in the order of appearance in the text. Tables and graphs representing the same set of data should be avoided. All tables, figures, illustrations should be self-contained and have a descriptive title or creatively prepared so that their size can be adjusted as desired. Details of experiments (not mentioned in the text) may be indicated in brief below the table as a legend. Figures and Photographs Figures and photographs can be included as jpg, bmp or pdf attachments. Photographs should be numbered consecutively along with the figures in arabic numerals in the order of appearance in the text. Photographs should be sharp, with an indication of the scale. Do not include line drawings and photographs in the same plate. References References should be cited in the text by author and year, not by number. If there are more than two authors, reference should be made to the first author followed by et al in the text. References at the end of the paper should be listed alphabetically by authors’ names, followed by initials, year of publication, full title of the paper, name of the journal volume number, initial and final page numbers. References to books should include: name(s) of author(s), initials, year of publication, title of the book, edition if not the first, initials and name(s) of editor(s) if any, preceded by ed(s), place of publication, publisher, and pages referred to. Examples Reference pattern_Journal Marazita ML, Ploughman LM, Rawlings B, Remington E, Arnos KS, and Nance WE. (1993) Genetic Epidemiological studies of early onset deafness in U.S school-age population. Am J Med Genet 46:486-491. Reference pattern_book Karathwohl DR. (1988) How to prepare a research proposal. Guidelines for funding and dissertations in the social and behavioural sciences. 3rd Ed. New York, Syracuse University Press. OR Blumenfeld H (2001) Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases. Yale University School of Medicine, New York. Reference pattern_conference Asmussen LE, Hicks DW, Leonard RA, Knisel WG, and Perkins HF. “Potential Pesticide Contamination in Groundwater Recharge Areas: A model Simulation”. Proceedings of the Georgia Water Resource Conference, University of Georgia. 161-164, Georgia, May, 1989. Authors are requested to prepare the manuscript carefully before submitting it for publication so as to minimize the corrections. Proofs of articles will not be provided. lf there is any Editorial revision, it must be made while your article is still in manuscript form. 11IV4 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education CONTENTS Nasrullah, Maqsood Ahmad Khan, Aamir Mahmood, Mohammad Gohram Khan Malghani, 116 Ehsanullah Kakar SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN Arshad Ali and Ehsanullah Kakar 124 FAILURE PREDICTION AND CRACK PROPAGATION WITH STRESS CONCENTRATION USING COHESIVE ZONE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Muhammad Qasim Khan, Feroz Mehmood, Dawood Khan and Walayat Hussain 131 BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENT E-VOTING SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN Muhammad Khalid Baloch, Roden J Hovel, Masood ul Haq Kakar, Muhammad Arif Awan, Saeed 136 ur Rehman, Naveed Iqbal , Nazeer Ahmed and Muhammad Azam Kakar AN EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF INDIGENOUS SHEEP BREEDS IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN Masroor Ali khan, Ramla Achakzai, Muhammad Shafee, Ferhat Abbas, Abdul Wadood and 143 Muhammad Masood Tariq ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESCHRESIA COLI FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN Noor ul Huda Khan Asghar, Zaheer Abbas Gilani, Muhammad Saifullah Awan, Irshad Ahmad and 146 Muhammad Asghar CHARACTERIZATION OF INGAN BY MEANS OF C-V MEASUREMENT OF RESPECTIVE LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) BY DLTS Azhar Usman and Aamir Mahmood 150 URBAN POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, AND LOCATION OF SLUMS: IS THERE ANY LINKAGE? A STUDY OF URBAN SLUMS IN KARACHI Arif Ali and Walayat Hussain 156 E-GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN: NEED FOR INTEGRATION Osama Sohaib, Walayat Hussain, Muhammad Qasim Khan and Abdul Basit 159 EDUCATIONAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM AsmaYousafzai, Safina Ara, Fariha Javed, Nusrat Jahan, Nazir Ahmed, Muhammad Waseem, 164 Muhammad Asif KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS AND SERUM ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS OF BALOCHISTAN 170 Hamdullah Khan and Anees ur Rahman HERMITIAN OPERATORS AND ITS APPLICATION TO UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 173 Ibrahim and Faisal Mushtaq MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF SUBLIMATIONCONDENSATION PROCESS IN SOLID-VAPOR SYSTEM 183 Muhammad Tahir Hasni, Dost Mohammad Baloch, Nusrat Jahan, Asmat Ullah Taran GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annus L.) HYBRIDS 190 Attique Shah, Mazhar Ali and Aftab Ahmed RESOLVING CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY ISSUES USING ITIL SECURITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS 197 Aftab Ahmed, Ali Kamran, Mazhar Ali, Abdul Wahid Shaikh HEURISTIC APPROACHES FOR SOLVING N-QUEENS PROBLEM 202 Kashif Ibrahim, Qazi Javed Ahmed, Abdul Qudoos, Mirza Aamir Mehmood PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE MOBILE AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOLS 208 M. Nawaz QUANTALOIDS AND SHEAVES ON RIGHT GELFAND QUANTALES 11V5 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN Nasrullah1, Maqsood Ahmad Khan1, Aamir Mahmood1, Mohammad Gohram Khan Malghani1, Ehsanullah Kakar2 1Department of Environmental Management and Policy, BUITEMS, Quetta 2Department of Civil Engineering, BUITEMS, Quetta Abstract In the globally changing scenario water is becoming scarier and important due to its non- availability for the communities in almost every corner of the world. Focusing on the importance of the water a research was conducted on the socio-economic effects of water table depletion in Pishin Balochistan. primary data was collected through a questionnaire,secondary data from different generals, line departments and reports, the finding were discussed in focus group discussions in Karezaat and analyzed. Due to agrarian society absolute majority of people are engage with agriculture and they are irrigating their agriculture fields through tube wells by pumping the underground water through electric motor pumps that resulted in the water table depletion and change in agriculture productivity in the area. Which directly affect the socio economic conditions of the people of area like effect on children education, local traditions, and migration is taking place to urban centers. The unemployment, poverty and crime rate is increased. The Water Table in the area could be improved by the introduction, adoption and expansion of low delta crops, best water management practices, strictly implementation and monitoring of tube wells installation rule and regulation, diversify the means of livelihood. Keywords: economic effects, water scarcity, karezaat, Pishin, Balochistan Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Assessing socio-economic impacts requires Socio-economic factors are lifestyle both quantitative and qualitative measure- components and measurements of both ments of the impact. It also examines how a financial viability and social standing. They proposed development or a major directly influence social privilege and levels climate/environmental phenomenon will of financial independence. Factors such as change the lives of current and future resi- health status, income, environment and dents of a community, the perceptions of education are studied by sociologists in terms community members about how a proposed of how they each affect human behaviors and development will affect their lives is a critical circumstances (Chris and Mehmood ul part of the assessment and should contrib- Hassan, 2000) ute to any decision to move ahead with a Socio-economic impact assessment is project. In fact, gaining an understanding of designed to assist communities in making community values and concerns is an impor- decisions that promote long-term tant first step in conducting a socio-econom- sustainability, including economic prosperity, ic impact assessment (District Pishin, 1998 a healthy community, and social well-being. and GOB, 2010). Analysis are made in two situations: 1) Conducting a social impact assessment is assessing impacts of a proposed important for several reasons. In general, it development, 2) in case of a major is used to alert the community, including climate/environmental change. residents and local officials, of the impact 116 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN and magnitude of the proposed develop- m3/capita, water is regarded as a potentially ment on the community’s social and eco- serious constraint, and a major problem in nomic well-being. The assessment can help drought years. Water scarcity provides a communities avoid creating inequities measure of the sensitivity of a given situation among community groups as well as encour- to drought. In situations where the average age the positive impacts associated with the availability of water per capita is low, even development.(cid:143)The impact assessment pro- slight variations can render whole vides estimates of expected changes in de- communities unable to cope and create mographics, housing, public services, and disaster conditions. even the aesthetic quality of the community Causes of water scarcity that will result from the development. Equally The causes of water scarcity are varied. important, the assessment provides an op- Some are natural and others are as a result portunity for diverse community values to be of human activity. The current debate sites integrated into the decision-making process. the causes as largely deterministic in that Together, these components of the assess- scarcity is a result of identifiable cause and ment provide a foundation on which deci- effect. However, if water scarcity is the point sions about whether to alter or change a at which water stress occurs (the point at proposed development can be made. which various conflicts arise, harvests fail and Generally, a two-step process for conducting the like), then there are also less definable a socio-economic impact analysis is used. sociological and political causes. Many of the The process is designed to establish a causes are inter-related and are not easily framework for evaluating current and future distinguished (Jeevands et al.,1998). proposed developments in a community. Most countries in the Near East and North The two phases of socio-economic impact Africa suffer from acute water scarcity, as do assessment are: (1) defining the scope of countries such as Mexico, Pakistan, South the Socio-Economic Impact Assessment, (2) Africa, and large parts of China and India. identifying and evaluating development im- Irrigated agriculture, which represents the pacts for quantitative changes and commu- bulk of the demand for water in these nity perceptions (Hussain and Tajmal, 2000) countries, is also usually the first sector affected by water shortage and increased Water Scarcity scarcity, resulting in a decreased capacity to Water is essential for all socio-economic maintain per capita food production while development and for maintaining healthy meeting water needs for domestic, industrial ecosystems. As population increases and and environmental purposes. In order to development calls for increased allocations sustain their needs, these countries need to of groundwater and surface water for the focus on the efficient use of all water sources domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors, (groundwater, surface water and rainfall) and the pressure on water resources intensifies, on water allocation strategies that maximize leading to tensions, conflicts among users, the economic and social returns to limited and excessive pressure on the environment. water resources, and at the same time The increasing stress on freshwater enhance the water productivity of all sectors. resources brought about by ever rising demand and profligate use, as well as by growing pollution worldwide, is of serious MATERIALS AND METHODS concern. The research study on socio-economic ef- The Food and Agriculture Organization fects of water table depletion in tehsil Kar- (FAO) of the United Nations regards water ezaat district Pishin was conducted in Tehsil as a severe constraint on socio-economic Karezaat District Pishin as part of Masters of development and environmental protection Science in Environmental Management and at levels of internal renewable water Policy thesis in 2010, The methodology used availability of less than 1 000 m3/capita. At for research such as: levels of water availability of less than 2000 117 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN Collection of Secondary data belong to various walk of life including A large number of books, newspaper articles, farmers, government officials, experts and magazines and web pages were reviewed to they have respected names in their understand macro dimension of the issues respective professions. The views of and ripple effects of those historical events participants of focus group discussions were that have shaped situation as of today. This also considered in research finding to enrich material was be analyzed to draw the results and discussion. international, national, and regional context of the issue. Learning from literature review RESULTS AND DISCUSSION was also help to understand the issue, Source of irrigation developing questionnaire for primary data Data presented in table 1 as the source of collection and designing focus group irrigation of the household as affected by discussions. water depletion in tehsil Karezaat district Collection of Primary data Pishin. Analyses of the data indicated that The Primary data was collected through 92 % houses in the communities are using survey conducted in thirty villages of nine the major source of irrigation tube well for union councils of Tehsil Karezaat District agriculture activities, while 5% houses are Pishin, ten households were included from using wells, whereas 2 % houses are each village. Total 300 people from 300 irrigating their fields through streams households of thirty villages of nine union (Karazes) followed by 1% on using other council. means of irrigation to grow agriculture crops Sampling strategy in the said tehsil of district Pishin. It is crystal Data was collected during household visits clear from the above results that the major in the respective villages. The number of source of irrigation is tube wells which is households from each village was ten increasing and now dominating source of household as sample. Once the number of irrigation, groundwater has always been and household visits from each area is decided, still is an important source of irrigation water then systematic sampling approach was used in Baluchistan. Ramzan (2000) and Gisser M to select the household in each village. and Sanches (1980) in his study confirmed Household visits started from a prominent that there has been a rapid increase in drilling landmark in the area such a big mosque or over the last 20 years, resulting in some a government office or a school. The major benefits but with accompanying sampling interval for the household visits was disadvantages. Until 1989, approximately 22 decided based on the following formula: percent of land in the province was irrigated Sampling interval= total number of from underground water resources such as households in the village/sample size for the Karazes, springs, open wells and tube wells. village. By 1998, however, land irrigated from these Data analysis sources was 34.5 percent, with tube wells Data analysis was performed using SPSS alone accounting for 22.8 percent. software version 13. Descriptive statistics such as means for continuous and proportion Table 1: Source of irrigation. for categorical variables were calculated to Source of irrigation Frequency Percent check for missing information and the Wells 16 5 distribution of key indicators. Focus group discussions Tube wells 275 92 The results of the research was shared with Karazes 3 1 the participants of Five multiple focus group Stream 6 1 discussions in various villages of five union council of Karezaat with groups of different Total 300 100 stakeholders (farmers, line agencies officials, agriculture and water experts) were held. Participants of focus group discussions were 118 BUITEMS Quality & Excellence in Education SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF WATER SCARICITY IN TEHSIL KARAZAT DISTRICT PISHIN BALOCHISTAN Water Availability for agriculture Data presented in table 2 as the current water depletion situation is enough for cropping of the household as affected by water depletion in tehsil Karezaat district Pishin. Analyses of the data indicated that 66.3 % houses in the communities are not satisfied from the current water situation for their irrigation, whereas 33.7 % houses are satisfied from the available water to them for irrigating their fields to grow agriculture crops in the said tehsil of district Pishin. It is evident from the above results that the major source of Reasons for change in agriculture irrigation is tube wells which is increasing and productivity now dominating source of irrigation, It is also Data presented in table 4 on major reasons proved from the said results that the graph of of change in agriculture production of the commercial crops are increasing rapidly in household as affected by water depletion in the said tehsil which is Sami arid zone and tehsil Karezaat district Pishin. Perusal of the the commercial high delta crops is not data interprets that 67 % houses in the suitable for tehsil Karezaat which require communities are thinking that the depletion more quantity of water and farmers are of water table or the shortage of water is the pumping from underground which is major reason of change in agriculture considered to be the major cause of water productivity in the area followed by 15% think depletion in the area. the shortage of electricity load shedding is the major reason of change in productivity 10% make responsible climate change and Table 2: Water availability for agriculture. 6% community is on the view that the lack of Water availability Frequency Percent water reservoirs (Dams) contributes toward for agriculture the change in agriculture productivity as Satisfied 100 33.7 major reason in the tehsil Karezaat of district Not satisfied 200 66.3 Pishin. It is clear from the above results that the change in the agriculture productivity Total 300 100 could be due to the reason that and absolute majority are well aware about the major Change in agriculture productivity reason of change in productivity as water Data shown in table 3 on the change in shortage, followed by the climate change and agriculture production of the household as load shedding. affected by water depletion in tehsil Karezaat Table 4: Reasons for change in agriculture productivity district Pishin. Statistical analyses of the data depicted that 80.2 % houses in the communities have noted change in Reasons Frequency Percent agriculture production in the area while Water depletion 200 67 18.8% household did not observe any Climate Change 30 10 change in agriculture production and 1% household did not have any knowledge about Load shedding 45 15 change in production in the tehsil Karezaat lack of dams 18 6 of district Pishin. It is pertinent from the above Others 7 3 results that the change in the agriculture productivity may be due to the depletion of Total 300 100 water and excessive use of the natural resources including land and water, the soil Situation of water table depletion is losing the productivity. Data on depletion of water table in your household as affected by water depletion in 119

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Figures and photographs can be included as jpg, bmp or pdf attachments. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN .. is to investigate and predict the structural failure with stress concentration developed using ANSYS APDL script language, which can later be used for
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