Research Instrumentation for the 21st Century

457 Pages·1988·12.92 MB·English

by  Michael J. Kessler (auth.), Gary R. Beecher (eds.)

Beltsville Symposia in
Agricultural Research
A Series of Annual Symposia Sponsored by
THE BELTSVILLE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
[11 ] Research Instrumentation
for the 21 st Century
SYMPOSIA IN THIS SERIES
[1 J Virology in Agriculture
May 10-12, 1976
Published, 1977
[2J Biosystematics in Agriculture
May 8-11,1977
Published, 1978
[3J Animal Reproduction
May 14-17,1978
Published, 1979
[4J Human Nutrition Research
May 8-9, 1979
Published, 1981
[5J Biological Control in Crop Production
May 18-21, 1980
Published, 1981
[6J Strategies of Plant Reproduction
May 17-20, 1981
Published, 1983
[7J Genetic Engineering: Applications to Agriculture
May 16-19, 1982
Published, 1983
[8J Agricultural Chemicals of the Future
May 16-19, 1983
Published, 1984
[9J Frontiers of Membrane Research
May 20-24, 1984
Published, 1985
[10J Biotechnology for Solving Agricultural Problems
May 5-9, 1985
Published, 1986
[11 J Research Instrumentation for the 21 st Century
May 4-8, 1986
FORTHCOMING SYMPOSIUM
[12J Biomechanisms Regulating Growth and Development:
Keys to Progress
May 3-7, 1987
Beltsville Symposia in Agricultural Research
[11 ]
Research
I nstrumentation for
21
the 5t Centu ry
Gary R. Beecher. editor
Invited papers presented at a symposium held
May 4-8, 1986, at the Beltsville Agricultural
Research Centre (BARC), Beltsville, Maryland
Organized by the BARC SYMPOSIUM XI COMMITIEE
Gary R. Beecher, Essex E. Finney, Jr. and
Karl H. Norris, Co-chairpersons
Sponsored by
THE BELTSVILLE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
1988 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS ....
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP ••
DORDRECHTj BOSTONj LANCASTER .~
Distributors
for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby
Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA
for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon
House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI IRN, UK
for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging·in-Publication Data
Research instrumentation for the 21st century.
(Beltsville symposia in agricultural research; 11)
1. Agriculture--Research--Technique--Congresses.
2. Agriculture--Research--Instruments--Congresses.
I. Beecher, Gary R. II. BARC Symposium XI Committee.
III. Beltsville Agricultural Research Center.
IV. Title: Research instrumentation for the twenty-first
century. V. Series.
S539.7.R465 1987 630' .72 87-23945
ISBN-13 :978-94-0 I 0-7734-7 e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-2748-3
001: 10.1 007/978-94-009-2748-3
Copyright
© 1988 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1988
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo
copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht,
The Netherlands.
CONTENTS
Isotope Technology
RECENT ADVANCES IN DETECTORS FOR
RADIOISOTOPES by Michael J. Kessler
2 SHORT-LIVED ISOTOPIC KINETICS: A WINDOW TO
THE INSIDE by John D Goeschl, Youhanna Fares,
C.E. Magnuson, H.W. Scheid, Boyd R. Strain,
C.E. Nelson and C.H. Jaeger 21
3 APPLICATION OF STABLE ISOTOPES IN ANALYSIS
AND METABOLISM by Claude Veillon 55
Separation Techniques
4 FLOW CYTOMETRY AND SORTING OF CELLS AND
ORGANELLES by Dan Pinkel 63
5 FIELD FLOW FRACTIONATION OF BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS By Karin D Caldwell 89
6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE 21ST
CENTURY: PROGRESS TOWARD COMPLETE
GENOMIC MAPS AND SEQUENCE DATA BASES,
AND INDEXES OF PROTEIN GENE PRODUCTS by
Norman G. Anderson, N. Leigh Anderson and J.-P.
Hofmann 117
Microscopy
7 CURENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE TRENDS IN
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY By William P. Wergin 129
8 ELECTRON PROBE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS AND
DIGITAL ELEMENTAL X-RAY IMAGING AND THEIR
APPLICATION TO BIOMEDICAL HISTOLOGICAL
SECTIONS AND WHOLE CELLS By Gregory Hook 149
9 APPLICATIONS OF MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY
By R.J. Griesbr>sh 175
Electro-Magnetic Spectroscopy
10 SATELLITE INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING
AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS By John C. Price 185
v
VI
11 NEAR-INFRARED USED IN PROCESS CHEMISTRY
By Bruce R. Buchanan, Jonathan Perkins and
David E. Honigs 207
12 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
SPECTROMETRY: A TOOL FOR MODERN
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH By Peter R. Griffiths and
Gilbert L. Pariente 223
13 APPLICATION OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TO
MOLECULAR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
By J.R. Scherer and BA Bolton 247
Resonance Spectrometry
14 NMR: NEW TECHNIQUES FOR CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
By Edwin D. Becker and Cherie L. Fisk 269
15 AGRICU LTURAL/BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF
NMR By Philip E. Pfeffer 293
16 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC
RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY TO THE STUDY OF
BIO-MEMBRANES By John J. Windle 333
Mass Spectrometry
17 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MASS
SPECTROMETRY By Henry M. Fales 361
18 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HIGH MASS AND
TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY By Klaus Biemann 367
19 PROSPECTIVE TRENDS IN QUANTITATIVE MASS
SPECTROMETRY By James S. Holler 381
Microprocessors in Data Reduction and
Presentation
20 MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING IN THE
ANALYTICAL LABORATORY By 1.c. O'Haver 393
21 COMPUTER AIDED INTERPRETATION OF SPECTRA
By J.T. Clerc 403
22 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: THE USE AND
INTERPRETATION OF IMAGED DATA IN ANIMAL
RESEARCH By Kreg A. Leymaster 419
23 INTERACTIVE MICROPROCESSOR GRAPHICS AS
AID IN PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELING: TWO
EXAMPLES By F. Eugene Yates and Timothy Poston 433
FOREWORD
The Annual Beltsville Symposium serves as a forum for presenting recent
developments in basic research that contribute solutions to agricultural
problems. The eleventh in this series focuses on instrumentation tech
niques which provide powerful new research tools. These tools will
provide information that can lead to a better understanding of biological
and physical processes critical to the solution of today's agricultural
problems. The tools discussed include isotope technology, separation
techniques, microscopy, electro-magnetic spectroscopy, resonance and
mass spectrometry and microcomputers.
This Symposium brought together scientists who are at the forefront
of the development of many of these tools and those who are applying
them to problems directly related to agricultural research.
WALDEMAR KLASSEN, Director
Beltsville Area
VII
CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR AFFILIATIONS
Norman G. Anderson Youhanna Fares
Proteus Technologies, Inc. Phytokinetics Inc.
Rockville, MD 20852 College Station, TX 77840
U.S.A. U.S.A.
Edwin D. Becker Cherie L. Fisk
Office of Research Services Office of Research Services
NIH NIH
Bethesda, MD 20892 Bethesda, MD 20892
U.S.A. U.S.A.
Klaus Biemann John D. Goeschl
Department of Chemistry Phytokinetics, Ltd.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology College Station, TX 77840
Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.
U.S.A.
R.J. Griesbach
B.A. Bolton Florist and Nursery Crops Laboratory
Development Quality Laboratory Horticultural Science Institute
Western Regional Research Center Agricultural Research Service USDA
Agricultural Research Service USDA Beltsville, MD 20705
Albany, CA 94710 U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Peter R. Griffiths
Bruce R. Buchanan Department of Chemisty
Center for Process Analytical Chemistry University of California
University of Washington Riverside, CA 92521
Seattle, W A 98195 U.S.A.
U.S.A.
James S. Holler
Karin D. Caldwell Toxicology Branch
Department of Bioengineering and Center Centers for Disease Control
for Biopolymers at Interfaces Atlanta, GA 30333
University of Utah U.S.A.
Salt Lake City, UT 84112
U.S.A. David E. Honigs
Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry
J.T. Clerc University of Washington
Pharmacy Department Seattle, WA 98195
University of Bern U.S.A.
Bern
Switzerland Gregory Hook
Surgical Neurology Branch
Henry M. Fales NINCDS, NIH
Laboratory of Chemistry Bethesda, MD 20892
NHLBI, NIH U.S.A.
Bethesda, MD 20892
U.S.A.
IX
x
C.H. Jaeger University of Washington
Botany Department and Phytotron Seattle, WA 98195
Duke University U.S.A.
Durham, NC 27706
U.S.A. Philip E. Pfeffer
Plant and Soil Biophysics Laboratory
Machael J. Kesler Eastern Regional Research Center
Packard Instrument Co. Agricultural Research Service USDA
Downers Grove, IL 60515 Philadelphia, PA 19118
U.S.A. U.SA
Paul Lauterbur Daniel Pinkel
Department of Medical Information Science Biomedical Sciences Division
and Chemistry Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
University of Illinois at Urbana - Liverman, CA 94550
Champaign U.S.A.
Urbana, IL 61801
U.S.A. Timothy Poston
Crump Institute for Medical Engineering
Kreg A. Leymaster University of California
Breeding and Genetics Research Unit Los Angeles, CA 90024
U.S. Meat Animal Research Center U.S.A.
Agricultural Research Service USDA
e.
Clay Center, NE 68933 John Price
U.S.A. Remote Sensing Research Laboratory
Agricultural Systems Research Institute
e.E. Magnuson Agricultural Research Service USDA
Phytokinetics Inc. Beltsville, MD 20705
College Station, TX 77840 U.SA
U.S.A.
H.W. Scheid
e.E. Nelson Phytokinetics Inc.
Division of Clinical Radiation Oncology College Station, TX 77840
Radiation Oncology Center U.SA
School of Medicine
East Carolina University J.R. Scherer
Greenvile, NC 27834 Development Quality Laboratory
U.S.A. Western Regional Research Center
Agricultural Research Service USDA
T.e. O'Haver Albany, CA 94710
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry U.SA
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742 Boyd R. Strain
U.SA Botany Department and Phytotron
Duke University
Gilbert L. Pariente Durham, NC 27706
Department of Chemistry U.SA
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521 Claude Veillon
U.S.A. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition
Research Laboratory
Jonathan Perkins Beltsville Human Nutrition
Center for Process Analytical Chemistry Research Center
Agricultural Research Service USDA
XI
Beltsville, MD 20705 Western Regional Research Center
U.S.A. Agricultural Research Service USDA
Albany, CA 94710
William P. Wergin U.S.A.
Plant Stress Laboratory
Plant Physiology Institute F. Eugene Yates
Agricultural Research Service USDA Crump Institute for Medical Engineering
Beltsville, MD 20705 University of California
U.S.A. Los Angeles, CA 90024
U.S.A.
John J. Windle
Development Productivity Laboratory