Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion

1207 Pages·1988·33.533 MB·English

by  R. Gambles, L. Zsuffa (auth.), A. V. Bridgwater, J. L. Kuester (eds.)

RESEARCH IN THERMOCHEMICAL
BIOMASS CONVERSION
Edited and reviewed papers resulting from the International Conference on
Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, April 1988, Phoenix,
Arizona, USA
RESEARCH IN THERMOCHEMICAL
BIOMASS CONVERSION
Edited by
A. V. BRIDGWATER
Chemical Engineering Department, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
and
J. l. KUESTER
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1988
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
International conference on Research in
Thermochemical Biomass Conversion (1988:
Phoenix, Ariz.)
Research in thermochemical biomass
conversion
I. Energy sources: Biomass. Thermochemistry
I. Title II. Bridgwater, A. V. (Anthony V.)
II. Kuester, 1. L. (Jim L.)
662'.6
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7728-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2737-7
DOl: 10.10071978-94-009-2737-7
Library of Congress CIP data applied for
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v
Preface
This conference is the second such meeting under the auspices of the International
Energy Agency's Bioenergy Agreement. The first lEA sponsored Fundamentals of
Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Conference was held in Estes Park in 1982
and attracted 153 delegates from 13 countries around the world at a time when
interest in biomass derived energy was at a peak. Since then oil prices have fallen
considerably and with most prognoses for level prices until the end of the century,
there has been a significant downturn in support for biomass conversion
technologies. It has been particularly encouraging, therefore, to have received such
an excellent response to this meeting. A total of 122 papers were offered, and 135
delegates registered for the conference from 19 countries.
The theme of this meeting was Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion
to reflect the advances made in research, development, demonstration and com
mercialisation since the Fundamentals meeting in 1982. The programme was divided
into sections on fundamental research, applied research, and demonstration and
commercial activities to emphasise the interaction and roles of all levels of research
in supporting the eventual commercial implementation. The layout of the pro
ceedings reflects this same pattern, with an introductory section on status and
technoeconomics to identify opportunities and constraints in different parts of the
world. All the papers included in these proceedings have been subjected to the usual
peer review process to ensure the highest standards. It is regretted that a few papers
presented at the conference could not be made available in time to be included in
these proceedings.
Four workshops were organised in response to participants' declared interests,
and several more were arranged spontaneously during the meeting. Reports from
these workshops are included at the back of these proceedings to provide reference
to topical problems and opportunities.
Finally we would like to express our sincere appreciation to a number of people
and organisations:
To those member countries of the lEA who provided the financial sponsorship that
enabled the meeting to take place-Canada, Finland, Norway, United States, and to
Battelle Northwest Laboratory who administered those funds as operating agent.
To the Steering Committee for their support in organising the conference by
VI
publicising the meeting, refereeing papers, providing constructive feedback on the
programme and chairing sessions-Michael Antal of the University of Hawaii, USA;
Dan Asplund of the Technical Research Centre of Finland; Dave Boocock of the
University of Toronto, Canada; Barbara Krieger-Brockett of the University of
Washington, USA; Tom Milne of the Solar Energy Research Institute, USA; Alfred
Schmidt of the Technical University of Vienna, Austria; Don Scott of Waterloo
University, Canada; and Dag Varelde of the University of Trondheim, Norway.
To our secretaries, research staff, colleagues and technicians who provided so much
support before, during and after the meeting, in particular Dawn Laycock at Aston
University and Tracey Adams at Arizona State University.
TONY BRIDGWATER and JIM KUESTER
Vll
Contents
Preface v
Status and Technoeconomics
The International Energy Agency-cooperative research on biomass for
energy
R. GAMBLES and L. ZSUFFA (Canada)
Biofuels and municipal waste technology: an overview of the DOE
program . 10
D. K. W ALTER (USA)
The European R&D programme (strategy for the future) 16
G. GRASSI (Belgium)
Canada's thermochemical conversion R&D approach 31
R. D. HAYES (Canada)
The lEA thermochemical database . 46
A. V. BRIDGWATER, J. M. DOUBLE and S. A. BRIDGE (UK)
Economic potential of producing liquid transportation fuels from biomass 61
E. I. WAN and M. D. FRASER (USA)
Biomass-fired steam-injected gas-turbine cogeneration for the cane sugar
industry . 77
E. D. LARSON, J. M. OGDEN, R. H. WILLIAMS (USA) and M. G. HYLTON
(Jamaica)
A strategic assessment of liquid fuels from biomass 98
A. V. BRIDGWATER and J. M. DOUBLE (UK)
Fundamental Research
Pyrolysis
Effects of feedstock components on municipal solid waste pyrolysis 111
N. MALLYA and J. E. HELT (USA)
Vlll
Wood devolatilization-sensitivity to feed properties and process variables 127
B. KRIEGER-BROCKETT and D. S. GLAISTER (USA)
Influences of 'neutral' salts on thermochemical conversion of cellulose and
of sucrose. 143
M. ESSIG, T. LOWARY, G. N. RICHARDS and E. SCHENCK (USA)
Carbohydrate pyrolysis. II. Formation of furfural and furfuryl alcohol
during the pyrolysis of selected carbohydrates with acidic and basic
catalysts . 155
A. E. PAVLATH and K. S. GREGORSKI (USA)
Factors influencing the decomposition processes in wood particles during
low temperature pyrolysis 164
M. A. CONNOR (Australia) and C. M. SALAZAR (Philippines)
Fast pyrolysis of biomass 179
K. MANIATIS and A. BUEKENS (Belgium)
Contact pyrolysis in a 'Pyrolysis Mill' 192
T. B. REED (USA)
A comparison of the composition, pyrolysis and burning properties of
Indonesian and Finnish peat . 203
M. AHO (Finland)
Pyrolysis/gas chromatography: application in the study of biomass
pyrolysis . 215
J. C. FRANKLIN and J. L. KUESTER (USA)
Drying, pyrolysis and combustion of biomass particles 221
J. SAASTAMOINEN (Finland) and J. RICHARD (France)
The application of nuclear magnetic resonance to the characterization of
biomass liquefaction products. 236
J. W. McKINLEY, G. BARRASS (Canada) and H. L. CHUM (USA)
Biomass pyrolysis for maximizing phenolic liquids. 251
I. A. VA SALOS, M. C. SAMOLADA and G. E. ACHLADAS (Greece)
Mass spectrometric studies of the relationship of pyrolysis oil composition
to formation mechanisms and feedstock composition 264
R. J. EVANS and T. A. MILNE (USA)
A mass spectrometric approach for the direct analysis and comparison of
pyrolytic oils . 280
S. MOORE, S. KALIAGUINE and M. 1. BERTRAND (Canada)
Kinetics of biomass pyrolysis with radiant heating. 294
S. AHMED and L. D. CLEMENTS (USA)
Pyrolysis of single pellets of refuse derived fuel 312
B. LEVIE, J. P. DIEBOLD and R. WEST (USA)
IX
Gasification
The influence of natural and added catalysts in the gasification of wood
chars 327
W. F. DEGRooT, T. H. OSTERHELD and G. N. RICHARDS (USA)
Reactivity of biomass chars in fluid-bed steam gasification 342
K. SIPILA (Finland)
Optical properties of biomass chars in gasification . 355
A. MOILANEN and K. SIPILA (Finland)
New apparatus for the study of the gasification of char in high temperature
and pressure environments 370
J. R. RICHARD and J. P. ROUAN (France)
Pyrolysis and steam gasification of biomass in fluidized beds. Influence of
the type and location of the biomass feeding point on the product
distribution 384
J. CORELLA, J. HERGUIDO and F. J. ALDAY (Spain)
Liquefaction
Thermochemical conversion of biomass with concentrated alkaline
solution to organic acids. 399
J. M. KROCHTA, J. S. HUDSON and S. J. TILLIN (USA)
A unified treatment for liquefaction 411
R. P. OVER END and E. CHORNET (Canada)
Solvent effects on liquefaction: solubilization profiles of a tropical
prototype wood, Eucalyptus, in the presence of simple alcohols, ethylene
glycol, water and phenols 429
M. HEITZ, D. VINCENT (France), E. CHORNET, R. P. OVEREND (Canada)
and H. SASTRE (Spain)
The upgrading of lignin-derived compounds: case studies on model
compounds 439
A. I. AFIFI, E. CHORNET, R. P. OVEREND (Canada) and J. P. HINDERMANN
(France)
Monte Carlo simulation of lignin pyrolysis: sensitivity to kinetic
parameters 452
R. N. LANDAU, C. LIBANATI and M. T. KLEIN (USA)
A study of the acid catalyzed dehydration of fructose in near-critical water 464
M. J. ANTAL JR and W. S. MOK (USA)
Aqueous, alkaline liquefaction of wood fractions and lignin model
compounds 473
D. A. NELSON (USA)
x
Lignin liquefaction in supercritical water. 485
D. K. JOHNSON, H. L. CHUM, R. ANZICK and R. M. BALDWIN (USA)
The mechanisms of sewage sludge liquefaction during thermolysis. 497
D. G. B. BoococK, F. A. AGBLEVOR, F. CHIRIGONI, T. CRIMI,
A. KHELAWAN and H. W. CAMPBELL (Canada)
Thermochemical conversion of microcrystalline cellulose-hydrogenation
study 508
A. ESKAMANI (USA)
Thermocatalytic conversion of lipid-rich biomass to oleochemicals and
fuel. 518
E. BAYER and M. KUTUBUDDIN (FRG)
Applied Research
Pyrolysis
Preparation of activated carbon by the partial gasification of charcoal 531
H. KEIRSSE (Belgium), W. HARTOYO (Indonesia), A. BUEKENs,
J. SCHOETERS and J. JANSSENS (Belgium)
Fuels from biomass by conversion in molten salts 542
J. K. MAUND and D. M. EARP (UK)
Liquid products from the fast pyrolysis of wood and cellulose 557
J. PISKORZ, D. ST A. G. RADLEIN, D. S. SCOTT and S. CZERNIK (Canada)
Chemical characterization of hydrocarbons produced by vacuum pyrolysis
of aspen poplar wood chips 572
H. PAKDEL, C. Roy and K. ZEIDAN (Canada)
Preliminary feasibility study of the biomass vacuum pyrolysis process 585
C. Roy, B. DE CAUMIA and H. PAKDEL (Canada)
Pyrolysis of forestry wastes in a fluidised bed reactor to produce medium
calorific gaseous fuel 597
1. GULYURTLU, 1. CABRITA, C. FRANCO, F. MASCARENHAS and M. JOGO
(Portugal)
Engineering aspects of the vortex pyrolysis reactor to produce primary
pyrolysis oil vapors for use in resins and adhesives. 609
1. DIEBOLD and A. J. POWER (USA)
The production ofpyrolytic liquids, gas and char from wood and cellulose
by fast pyrolysis 629
R. G. GRAHAM, B. A. FREEL and M. A. BERGOUGNOU (Canada)