Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems: Volume 7

476 Pages·1983·10.32 MB·English

by  Reginald G. Smart

Research Advances in
Alcohol and
Drug Problems
Volume 7
RESEARCH ADVANCES IN
ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS
Series Editors
Reginald G. Smart
Frederick B. Glaser
Yedy Israel
Harold Kalant
Robert E. Popham
Wolfgang Schmidt
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will
bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are
billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the pub
lisher.
Research Advances in
Alcohol and
Drug Problems
Volume 7
Reginald G. Smart, Frederick B. Glaser, Yedy Israel,
Harold Kalant, Robert E. Popham, and Wolfgang Schmidt
Addiction Research Foundation and
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows:
Research advances in alcohol & drug problems. v. 1-
New York [etc.] J. Wiley, 1974-
v. 24 cm. annual.
"A Wiley biomedical health publication."
ISSN 0093-9714
1. Alcoholism-Periodicals. 2. Narcotic habit-Periodicals.
RC565.R37 616.8'6'005 73-18088
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3628-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3626-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3626-6
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher
ADVISORY PANEL
J. c. Ball Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
H. D. Cappell Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J. de Lint Amsterdam, The Netherlands
G. Edwards London, England
L. E. Hollister Palo Alto, California
O. Irgens-Jensen Oslo, Norway
J. H. Jaffe Newington, Connecticut
O. J. Kalant Toronto, Ontario, Canada
A. E. LeBlanc Toronto, Ontario, Canada
C. M. Leevy Newark, New Jersey
H. Mcilwain London, England
K. Makela Helsinki, Finland
J. Mardones San Diego, Chile
J. H. Mendelson Belmont, Massachusetts
H. Popper New York, New York
J. G. Rankin Toronto, Ontario, Canada
R. W. Russell Bedford Park, Australia
C. R. Schuster Chicago, Illinois
H. Solms Geneva, Switzerland
R. Strauss Lexington, Kentucky
Contri butors
HERBERT FINGARETTE, Department of Philosophy, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California
DWIGHT B. HEATH, Department of Anthropology, Brown University,
Providence, Rhode Island
BENJAMIN KISSIN, Division of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Down
state Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
ELIAS K. MICHAELIS, Department of Human Development and The Center
for Biomedical Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
MARY L. MICHAELIS, Department of Human Development and The Center
for Biomedical Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
HENRY B. MURPHREE, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine
and Dentistry of New Jersey, Rutgers Medical School, Piscataway, New
Jersey
CLAUDIO A. NARANJO, Clinical Pharmacology Program, Addiction Re
search Foundation Clinical Institute, and Departments of Pharmacology
and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
JOHN E. PEACHEY, Behavioural Pharmacotherapy Program, Addiction Re
search Foundation Clinical Institute, and Departments of Pharmacology
and Psychiatry, University ofToronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
ROBIN ROOM, Alcohol Research Group, Institute of Epidemiology and
Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Institute of San Francisco, Berkeley,
California
SHEPARD SIEGEL, Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Ham
ilton, Ontario, Canada
PEKKA SULKUNEN, The Social Research Institute of Alcohol Studies, Kal
evankatu 12, Helsinki, Finland
EVELYN VINGILlS, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
JOSEPH WESTERMEYER, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota
Hospitals, Minneapolis, Minnesota
vii
Preface
This book continues the series of reviews of research advances first published
in 1974. The editors' aim here is to present critical and integrative reviews by
internationally recognized scholars of areas in which there has been much recent
research.
In this task we have been greatly helped by the staff of Plenum Press and
the Advisory Panel listed at the front of this volume. Several members of the
Panel have retired: Dr. W.M.D. Paton, Dr. K. Bruun, Dr. K.F. Killam, and
Dr. J .R. Seeley. Dr. Klaus Makela has accepted our invitation to join the Panel.
Unfortunately, one member of the Panel, Professor William McGlothlin,
died as a result of a tragic accident. He was a gifted and sensitive researcher.
His work over many years was well known to those studying alcohol and drug
problems. We want to acknowledge his contributions to the Research Advances
Series and to the field in general.
The editors wish to acknowledge the help of Julliana Newell Ayoub in
preparation of this volume.
This volume contains three papers by H. Fingarette, R. Room, and B.
Kissin, on "The Disease Concept." They were originally prepared for an earlier
volume but could not be included because of scheduling problems. The editors,
and not the authors, are responsible for this delay. Because they are primarily
philosophical and theoretical in nature they are not diminished in value by the
lesser number of references to recent research.
The Editors
Toronto
ix
Contents
1. PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE
CONCEPT OF ALCOHOLISM 1
Herbert Fingarette
I. Introduction
2. Disease 2
3. Alcoholism 5
4. The Disease Concept of Alcoholism: Meaning-Components
and Validity 6
5. The Distinctive Significance of the Disease Concept
of Alcoholism 23
6. The Disease Concept of Alcoholism as Foundation of Criminal
Law Defenses 24
References 35
2. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE CONCEPT
OF ALCOHOLISM 47
Robin Room
1. Introduction 47
2. The Entitativity of Alcoholism 55
3. The Irreversibility of Alcoholism 62
4. Alcoholism as an Involuntary Disease 67
5. The Alcoholism Conception as a New Scientific Approach 73
6. The Treatment Response as Rational and Humane 76
7. Alcoholism as the Key to Handling Alcohol Problems 80
8. Conclusion 83
References 84
3. THE DISEASE CONCEPT OF ALCOHOLISM 93
Benjamin Kissin
I. lellinek's Disease Concept of Alcoholism 93
2. Later Concepts of Alcohol Dependence 95
xi
xii CONTENTS
3. Semantics of the Tenn "Disease Concepts of Alcoholism" 121
References 123
4. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ALCOHOL
AND BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES 127
Elias K. Michaelis and Mary L. Michaelis
1. Introduction 127
2. Evidence for the Interaction of Alcohols with Membranes 129
3. The Structure of Biological Membranes and of Lipid Bilayers 134
4. Alcohol Effects on Biological Membranes 142
5. Conclusions 160
References 162
5. THE PHARMACOLOGY OF HALLUCINOGENS 175
Henry B. Murphree
1. Introduction 175
2. Lysergic Acid Derivatives 178
3. Naturally Occurring Hallucinogenic Ergoline Derivatives 187
4. Tryptamine Derivatives 187
5. Phenylethylamine Derivatives 190
6. Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives and Cocaine 191
7. Phenylcyclohexylamine Derivatives 192
8. Other Hallucinogenic Compounds 198
9. Afterword: Lines of Investigation 198
References 200
6. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, DRUG TOLERANCE, AND
DRUG DEPENDENCE 207
Shepard Siegel
1. Introduction 207
2. Parallels between Learning and Morphine Tolerance 207
3. The Pavlovian Conditioning Model of Tolerance 208
4. Evidence That Pavlovian Conditioning Contributes
to Morphine Tolerance 211
5. Evidence That Pavlovian Conditioning Contributes to
Tolerance to Nonopiate Drugs 218
6. Pavlovian Conditioning and Cross-Tolerance 222
7. Pavlovian Conditioning and Tolerance in Humans 223
8. Pavlovian Conditioning and Drug Dependence 225
CONTENTS xiii
9. Implications of the Conditioning Model for Treatment
of Drug Dependence 235
10. Other Ways in Which Learning Contributes to Tolerance
and Dependence 238
11. Summary and Conclusions 239
References 240
7. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND THE TRANSFORMATION
OF LIVING CONDITIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 247
Pekka Sulkunen
1. Introduction 247
2. Consumption Trends 248
3. Interpretation and Explanation: Theoretical Points of Departure 254
4. Availability 262
5. Living Conditions and the Formation of New Use Values
of Alcohol 273
6. Living Conditions, Popular Drinking Habits, and the Formation of Use
Values 281
7. Summary 292
References 294
8. DRINKING DRIVERS AND ALCOHOLICS: ARE THEY FROM
THE SAME POPULATION? 299
Evelyn Vingilis
1. Introduction 299
2. Methodological and Research Issues 300
3. The Drinking-Driving Population 305
4. High-Risk Drinking Drivers 307
5. The Alcoholic Population 325
6. Similarities and Differences among Alcoholics, Drinking-Driving
Offenders, and Control Drivers 333
7. Conclusions 337
References 338
9. ALCOHOL USE AMONG NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS:
A CROSS-CULTURAL SURVEY OF PATTERNS AND
PROBLEMS 343
Dwight B. Heath
1. Introduction 344
2. Historical and Legal Background 346
3. The "Firewater Myths": Biology and Culture 350