Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems PDF
Preview Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems
Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems Volume 9 RESEARCH ADVANCES IN ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS Series Editors: Howard D. Cappell Frederick B. Glaser Yedy Israel Harold Kalant W oifgang Schmidt Edward M. Sellers Reginald G. Smart A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the pub lisher. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems Volume 9 Edited by Howard D. Cappell, Frederick B. Glaser, Yedy Israel, Harold Kalant, Wolfgang Schmidt, Edward M. Sellers and Reginald C. Smart Addiction Research Foundation and University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows: Research advances in alcohol & drug problems. v. 2- New York [etc.) J. Wiley, 1974- v. 24 cm. annual. "A Wiley biomedical health publication." ISSN 0093-9714 1. Alcoholism - Periodicals. 2. Narcotic habit - Periodicals. RC565.R37 616.8'6'005 73-18088 ISBN 978-1-4615-7745-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-7743-0 (ebook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-4615-7743-0 © 1986 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfIlming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher ADVISORY PANEL c. J. Ball Philadelphia, Pennsylvania J. de Lint Consecon, Ontario, Canada G. Edwards London, England L. E. Hollister Palo Alto, California O. Irgens-Jensen Oslo, Norway J. H. Jaffe Baltimore, Maryland O. J. Kalant Toronto, Ontario, Canada A. E. LeBlanc Toronto, Ontario, Canada C. M. Leevy Newark, New Jersey H. Mcilwain London, England K. Makela Helsinki, Finland J. Mardones Santiago, Chile J. H. Mendelson Belmont, Massachusetts H. Popper New York, New York J. G. Rankin Toronto, Ontario, Canada R. W. Russell Bedford Park, Australia C. R. Schuster Bethesda, Maryland H. Solms Geneva, Switzerland R. Strauss Lexington, Kentucky Contri butors JOSEPH J. BARBORIAK, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, and Biochemistry Section, Research Ser vice, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin NEAL L. BENOWITZ, Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Med ical Center, and Department of Medicine and Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California USOA BUSTO, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada HOWARD CAPPELL, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada THOMAS V. DUNWIDDIE, Medical Research Service, Denver Veterans Administration Hospital, Denver, Colorado SHAHIN HASHTROUDI, Department of Psychology, George Washington Uni versity, Washington, D.C. BARRY J. HOFFER, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado JAY G. HULL, Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire LAWRENCE A. MENAHAN, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin CHARLES P. O'BRIEN, Psychiatry Service, Philadelphia Veterans Adminis tration Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania MICHAEL R. PALMER, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado ELIZABETH S. PARKER, Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California EDWARD M. SELLERS, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada SHEPARD SIEGEL, Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Ham ilton, Ontario, Canada vii viii CONTRIBUTORS RONALD R. V AN TREUREN, Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire GEORGE E. WOODY, Psychiatry Service, Philadelphia Veterans Administra tion Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn sylvania Preface This, the ninth volume in the series, appears some 13 years after the first. Like most of its predecessors, Volume 9 is deliberately eclectic, covering a range of topics that the editors think worthy of inclusion. Some of the chapters, such as the review of the literature on benzodiazepines, represent areas that have received relatively little attention in previous volumes-largely because the literature has not previously been "ripe" for review. Others represent literatures that have been reviewed in the past but which continue to advance in sufficient measure that their ripening never ceases. Shepard Siegel's contribution represents a relative rarity in previous volumes: a chapter not laden with a consideration of current empirical work, but a reflective essay designed to stir thought with some pro vocative ideas. The editors trust that readers will continue to find Research Advances to be an important repository of knowledge in the alcohol and drug fields. The Editors Toronto IX Contents 1. THE HUMAN PHARMACOLOGY OF NICOTINE Neal L. Benowitz 1. Introduction 2. Nicotine in Tobacco Products 2 3. Phannacokinetics of Nicotine 4 4. Nicotine and Cotinine Blood Levels during Tobacco Use 14 5. Intake of Nicotine during Cigarette Smoking 18 6. Biochemical Markers of Nicotine Intake 18 7. Regulation of Nicotine Intake during Cigarette Smoking 23 8. Phannacology of Nicotine 28 9. Importance of Nicotine in Human Disease 41 References 45 2. BENZODIAZEPINES AS DRUGS OF ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE 53 Howard D. Cappell, Edward M. Sellers, and Usoa Busto 1. Introduction 53 2. Phannacology of Benzodiazepines 58 3. Benzodiazepines as Reinforcers 65 4. Dependence on Benzodiazepines 73 5. Adverse Effects of Benzodiazepines 93 6. Benzodiazepine Use in Medical versus Nonmedical Contexts 100 7. The Treatment of Benzodiazepine Abuse and Dependence 106 References 114 xi xii CONTENTS 3. SOME IMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIPID CHANGES 127 Joseph J. Barboriak and Lawrence A. Menahan 1. Introduction 127 2. Lipid and Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism 128 3. Alcohol-Induced Changes in Liver Lipids 133 4. Effects of Alcohol on Plasma Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins 140 5. Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease 143 6. Alcohol-Induced Changes in Myocardial Lipids 144 7. Conclusions 146 References 147 4. CELLULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DIFFERENCES IN ACUTE ETHANOL SENSITIVITY: EFFECTS OF TOLERANCE AND GENETIC FACTORS UPON NEURONAL SENSITIVITY TO ETHANOL 157 Michael R. Palmer, Thomas V. Dunwiddie, and Barry J. Hoffer 1. Introduction 157 2. Differences in Acute Ethanol Sensitivities of Selectively Inbred Lines of Mice 158 3. Ethanol Tolerance in LS and SS Mice 165 4. Differences in Ethanol Sensitivity of Inbred Mouse and Rat Strains 168 5. Effects of Neonatal Cerebellectomy on Ethanol- Induced Sedation 169 6. Endogenous Purinergic Mechanisms in LS and SS Mice 172 7. Conclusions 174 References 176 5. ACUTE ALCOHOL AMNESIA: WHAT IS REMEMBERED AND WHAT IS FORGOTIEN 1 79 Shahin Hashtroudi and Elizabeth S. Parker 1. Introduction 179 2. Forms of Memory and Amnesia 182 3. Alcohol-Sensitive Memories: Characteristics of Impaired Functions 184
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