Reptile Medicine and Surgery

1258 Pages·2005·756.15 MB·English

by  Stephen J. Divers

R E P T I L E

M edicine
Surg ery
and
Second Edition

R E P T I E

Med ici e
Surge ry
and
(Pl lO togra pil wurlesy 0(5. Mmlier. MUir/u Mdro loo)
Douglas R. Mader,
MS, DVM, DABVP

Diplomate, American Board of Veterinary

Practitioners (CA)

Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine

Marathon Veterinary Hospital
Marathon, Flori.da
SAUNDERS
With 72 Contribu ting Authors
This bauk,

with all of the hOllrs aJ/d cffort that wellt into it,

is dedicated, witJz elle/! more emotioll,

to my wonderflll n ife, Gen'y.

lclz liebe d iell
e
T lB TO
Stephen L Barren. D\'\ [ filen I;rol1 on, \ leo."et
Vernon Hills Animal Hospital Veterinarv Resident
Mundelell1, Illinois Deparlmenlof rumal Health
Refcre/lce SOllrces JO I" Reptilc ClilliclrlllS Smjths nian ational Zoologic(l! Park
Lizards (Biolog!!) Wd hinhrtun, District of Columbia
Lizards Wifferl'lItial DiaglJo ·e- by Sy1llptOIll~) PI/mI/!yxor'/rIIS
Bltes frO/1/ Prey
Pmlle ProluJ!se D. nid R. Hrll\\ II B.~.,. 1. ~., PhD
5lrel/ Da mage A,>_Í_tant Professor
Departm nt of Pathobiú!ogy
, ver. Bt:lU1l!tt, DV~I, \IS, DAC\'... ColleO'e of Veterinary Medicine
laff Surgeon University oí Florida
Bay Arca Veterinary Sped alist. Gaine vil!e, Florida
San Leandro, aJifornia Up!Jt'r ResT'¡mforv Traet oisea e (Mycoplasl/losis ) ÍlI Tartoises
Nellr%gy
urgery (50ft TIsSIII' arrd Ortlwpedics) 1\r B. 111 \\11, 1', PhD
Cloacal ¡. rolapse Profe~~or
LIpper Alimellttln¡ Tm ·( Disetlse Department of Pathobiology
Col! 'ge of Veterinary Medicine
Bnrhara Blam.hard. t Se (Zl1olog, ) Uruver. ily of Florida
Animal I<cgistrar / Librarian and Captive Manageme.llt Gaines\'ille, florida
Co-ordinator for Tuatara Llpper Rcspiratory Tracl Oisease (Mycoplns/Ilosis) ill Tortoises
Life Sciences
Wellington Zoo Tmst Te r \\. Camphdl, ~t.:::, D\ 1, PilO
Wellington, New Z aland Associate Professor
Bia/og!!, Captll'/! Mmrngem/!lIt, i1Ild Mediml Care ofTl/atara Departmcnl of linical cien ces
College of eterinary Medicine and Biomedical S en e
"a' n Boardnnn, BXct.. led., mc lAC\ ~( fort oUíos, Colorado
Associate Lecturer Clinicnl Pal/lOlogy uf Reptiles
Royal Veterinary Col! ge Hemoparasitcs
London, United Kingdom
on'
Head of Veterinary Service~ Prote ur 101m E. Cooper, 1, FR J :\1h,
Zoological Society of London lBiol -Re\:, DEC P
London, United Kingdom Profe sur of Pathology
Biology, Captiue MllIlagclllellt , /l/Id Medienl Care nf TlIatara Veterín<lry Path .. logy
Sd,ool (lf Veterinary Medicine
D0I1:11 1. Ho~u Univer ity of fue West [ndie.~ (
urator oi I Ierpelology St. Augu. tille, Trinidad and Tobago
Reptile DepartJ11ent Visiting Profe sor
San Diego Zoo Wild Animal and Resource Management
an Diego, California Facultv of Vcterinary Medicine
ty,
TI/rtle , Tortoisc,;, ilIld Tcrrapins (BI¡) /oglf) Make~ere niversi aanJa, East Africa
Oermafology
Thoma.. I Bo er, D\ I Hepntic Liptdosis
I
Owner, P t H "pita! of 1ena quitos
Editor-in-Chief, [oumal o{ Herpet%giel/l Mediei/1/:' (I/ld SlIrsery
S n Diego, CalifornÍa
TI/rtles, Torto/se IlIld Ter/'ap/Il~ rR/ology)

TurNes. Tortoise a/!d Terrapil/s (Oiffem¡tú¡l Diagnosis

by Symptol1ls)

Hypovifa/llll1osis A tlI ld Hyperuitami/losis A
Contrihutor
o
\largaret~. l uf 'r. LLB la lJU Di 17-Pi 'ti r 11, O 7 1.
Gu st Lecturer Affilia ted Veterinary Specialists
Unlv rsity of the We l Tndi Maitland, Florida
St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago Caitrointestinal Allatomy alld Physiology
isiting Lecturer
Wild Animal and R ource M nagement ';1 OllIH' hu . t), 1D, D \C ¡ f
Makerere University Owner
Kampala, Uganda, East Afnca Nutrition 5upport Services, lnc.
Rf'ptilt: Lcm Gnrl Rt'gulatw/1s El/ropean Pembroke, Virgina
NlIl rition
r 1R. r. nft·) 1. DVl\I
Faculty Sr K ¡.. 'r)..,lI (11, D . . t~ {Animal Bchm'¡ ,r]
I
Comparati e Department Medicine Instructor
Johns Hopkins School of Medicme TCVM Acupuncture, Herbal Medicine and Tui Na
Baltimore, Maryland Chí lnstiture of Chinese Medicine
Adjunct Assistant Professor Reddick, Florida
Maryland Regional Veterinary CoUege Altemative and Complementa ry \leterilZan/ Tilerapies
Univcrsity of Maryland Medicine
College Park, Maryland K~ "in f. Fit7. crnld PhD D ' \ 1. OAB\ 1
Adjunct FacuIty ( n lII11'/fl'11Il )
ColIege of Forest Rescarch taH Veterinarian
Mi sissippi State Ulliversity Alameda ast Veterinary Hospital
, tarkvilIe, Mississippi Denver, Colorado
Oir 'ctor oE Animal Management and Research SUlRery (Biotelemetry)
and Conservation Aca riasis
Medical Oepartment
Oys~cdysis
Maryland 2 0 0 in Baltimore pinal Osteopathy
BaJtimore, Maryland Rcportcd Toxicities in Reptiles
Director of the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project
Medical Department llIÜ LO ' t
Maryland 200 in Baltimore Mesa Veterinary Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland Mesa, Ari.w na
Cryptosporidiosis Sllakes (BiologtJ)
Pammyxovirus Surgery (\fCll!:'1Iloid)
SI/akes (Differential Diagnoses by Symptolll5)
O·le DLNa I1 O f • )hU Anorexia
University Veterinarian il.nd Assistant Professür Diarrhea
School of LUe Sdences Ta il Damase
Arizona State Univer ity Vomitillg {71!d Regursitation
Tempe, ATizona Reptile Fun/lZllary
Stress in Captive Reptiles
Reproductive Biology \1 h.1 I \1. 3rll"f, O 1. O '1
DystoclaS Pr sident
Northwest ZooPath
Lj iI S. Done. D r¡\1, lPVM M<n roe, Wa.~hington
Vetermarian Overview oi Biopsy alld Necropsy Teclmique
California Wildlife Center
Calab sas, California illi 1m j (; hr lallll, lhO
Ol/colug:;
Professor of Biology
Nellrologic Disorders
DepJrtment of Biology
Texas Christian University
l.J 'r Idl > icthclm. Dr.\'ct.nwJ Forth Worth, Texas
Chief oi Staff Artificial Lighting
Marathon Veterinary Hospital
Marc thon, Fl rida Do :' Id ' t (illl' I il', OV 1
Di~ít Abl10 rlltlllities -taft Veterinan an
He1l1atologic and Blood Chemistry \falues in Reptiles
Animal Hcalth
Reptilc Fo rmulary
Montgomery Zoo
Montgomer)', Alabama
Li:a rds (seetion 011 Ko modo Dragoll s)
Largr Colleetions: Special Con~ideratiol1s
.al
Contributors
r\l -.:/ :l h J Innh \ . 1D
Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine djuct Professor
Department of Surgery Department of Con ervation Medicine
5chool of Medicine Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Universitv of Maryland Tufts niversity
Baltimore, Maryland . Jorth Grafton, Massachusetts
Associatc Profes:=;or Associate Veterinarian
Department of Medicine Animal Health Department
School of Medicine New England Aquarium
]olms Hopkins University Boston, Massachus tts
Baltimore, Maryland Renal Diseasc il! Reptile-: Diagnosis Il lUf Clinical Manage11lcllt
Workillg witll Venomo/ls Specie : EmergeJ/cy Protocols
Catl1\ . J0I111' n-DeJan -'t. B . D r 1.
lIi" L. G l'inl!f, PhD O\B P I i. 11 )
Professor COI1Sultant
Department of Pathology Bird and Exotic linic oi S attle
College of Veterinary Medicine -eattle, Washington
niversity of F10rida Associate
Cainesville, Florida Exotic Pet and Bird Clinic
Pam,;itology Kirkland, Washington
Medica! Director
1'1 \.IJt 11 h.. lira z~1, W¡u;hington Ferret Re te and Shelter
Associate Professor Bothell, Wa hington
Department of Environmental Health Scicncc- and tt nding Vet rmarian
Department ot MolecuJ:¡r Microbiology and Irnmllnology W Z logical Supplv l"t rantu las.com
Jolms Hopkins Bloomberg 5chool of Public H a1 th Edmonds, ashinoton
Baltimore, Maryland Reptl/e 2 00110Se5 and Tllreats to PlIb/ic Henltil
ryptosporidiosis
G n . uln .m, D\
t ,1
'tel !I('n J. Ilernand 'z-Dh" r I B\,t I d. As ! tant Profes_or
CBi l . lImol, DZo lt·d, 11 C" , DI Z 1, Department of Environment and Population Health
HCVS 1 l'(l)gllized SpeLialio;t in Zoo Cummings S houl of Vetermary Medicine
'llld \ iJJI L I ,Jil ¡ne Tufts niversity
AssoClate Professor orth Grafton, Ma. sachusetts
Exotic Animal, Wildli.fe and Zoological Medicme Al/ometri, Scalil18
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surge~'
College oi Vet rinary Medicine '111
Univcrsity of Georgia Professor mentus
Alhens, G orgia Departm nt of Pathology, lmmunol gy, and Laboratory
Associate Editor, [o¡¡mal of 200 & Wildlife MecficlIle Medicine
Associate Editor, ¡olimal of Hcrpetological Medicme & Surger!! Collcge of Medicine
Co-Director uf the Vcterinary Endoscopy raining Symposia Vniver ity f Florida
Departm nt of Small Animal Med icine and Surgery Cainl"ville, Florida
College of Veterinary Medicine Upper Re-piratory Traet Disease (MycoplaslIlosd ill Tortoises
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia luaLaml"l
Diagnostic Techuiqucs Professor Emoritus ollego of Veterinary Medicine
urgery (Lase!' (lIld Radiosurgery) Large Animal Clinical Sciences
Hepatic Lipidosis College oE Veterinary Medicine
Renal Disease in Reptiles: Diagllosis ami Clillical Managelllellf niversity ot Florida
Appenrii.l A Gainesvülo, Florida
Appendix B Prograrn Dire -tor
Departrncnt of Eqlline Science
>tl'f Hl 1, International Equine School
A sod a te Veterinarian cala, Florida
Heales ilIe Sancruary rocod¡/ians (Biology)
Healesville, Victoria, ustraha
Rellal Anatomy and PlIysiology
Contributor
crl phthal B mni '. Mader- " 'idncr, ! S Inrriage, Fami} ,
hild COll1l',cliug n J hool oun eling)
pedal t in Ex tic Animal edicD1e Founder, Coordinator
Exotic Animal and Ophth Inu c Referral Centre The Pet Lo s upport Hotline
England Center for Animals in Society
School of Veterinary Medicine
O, nid I L ha . O, 1 'EL Univerl'ity of California, Davis
Partner D vis, California
Liti <> ti n Ullder;;landillS tlle Hllman -Reptile Relatiol1slzip
G ·oldmo McNutly Divi & Lewbart, PC
Philad Iphia, Pennsylvania . I cnl Mauldin, 0\ '1, DA '1M
Rl'Pfilc úrw¡; and Regu la tiol1s· American (internal ¡ Icdicine amI OncoJog. ), DI ..... 'R
(RaJiatiun On In~)
g rv A. ~ ", han, 1 -.'.vlD, DI CZM Associate Professor of Veterinary Oncology
Pro te. or of Aquatic Medicine Veterinary Jinical Sciences
D partment oEC línical Sciences Louisíana St t University
orth Carolina State Umversity aton Rouge, Louisiana
College of Veterinary edi ine Oncology
Re leigh, North Carolina
Reptile Laws and l<egulatiol/s: American Jo rg vlaye , Dr meJ.vct, L (~
Clinical Assistant Professor, Head of Exotics Service
Ilr<Jd Lu k, D ' 1, DA Z ,1
Department of Clínical Serviee
Adjunct Profe'>sor
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Small Animal Medi ine and Surgery (Ex tic nimal,
Tu fts University
Wildlife and Zoological Medicine Ser ice)
orth rafton, Massachusetts
niversity of G ' orgía Allollletric Scaling
Athcns, Ceorgia
Assistant Curator ~l 'plll'1l J dllLf, D\
Herpetology maU Animal urgery Re ident
Zoo Atlanta Deparlmcnt f Clinical Studies
AUanta, Georgia Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital
Behavioml 1l1ld Morpho logic Adaptatiol1 s Uni ersity of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
D ugla ' 1 IaJer. I 1 . DVM, DABVP, ellrology
ello\\!, RlW31 ~ociety of 1 ·dil im> Uppa Alil1ll!lltary Tmet Disease
Co-owner
Marathon Veterimuy Hospital (Oll t;lIlU "rig
Staff eterinarian Director of th Marine MammJ.I and Sea mtle
Marathon Sea Turtl Hospital tranding rogram
K y West Aquarium Marine Animal R seue and Rehabilitation
onroe ( unty imal Farm New England Aquarium
Theat r oE the Sea Boston, Ma 'sachusetts
Florida Keys (Conch Republic), Florida Medical Care uf Seaturtll's (Medical Managelllent of
Adjunct Professor Cold-StU111Wi Seaturtles)
Schoolof eterínary Medicine
Western niv\!rsity of the Health Seien , 5 t.lr1 tit< hell, DV~l, MS, PhO
L
Pomona, lifamia Associate Professor
UlIdastandillg lILe HU1I1Il1l -Reptile Rela/iollship Veterinary Clinical Scien
Microbiology: Flmglll alld Baclerial Diseases of Reptiles Louisiana tate University
jJamsitology Baton Rouge, Louisiana
PeriHatology Gastrointestinal Ana/omy and Pl1ysiologlJ
Emergellcy alld Crittcal e are Tlzerapuetics
Eulluma ia Salmonella.· Dil1gl10Stic Methods for Reptiles
SlIrgay
AII ce ~e \Iilhad 1. h rra , D\~f
Cloacal Pr()l!¡psc Staff Veterinarian
Calculi: LTril1ary Monterey Hay Aquarium
G o¡Lt Montercy, alifornia
Metalrolic BOII/! Diseases Cllrdiopulmollary Allatollly and Physiolog1j
Thermal Bllrl lS rdiolo,f(lj
Medical Care uf Seatuftles (Mediciile and SurgeryJ Aural Aboeessf.
Padiographie AlZa/omy Pneumonia
Contributms
Id' 'l: l'\¡1 'z, B .DV I~ L. 1 "', h.l, , O r 1, DAB\'P (. ,jan)
CLnícal Instructor Staff Velcrinarian
Vetl'rinary Clinical Science The Avian and Exotic Pet Service
School of Veterinary Median The Animal Medical _enter
Louisiana tate University Nl'w York, 1 ew York
or
Baton H.ouge, Louisiana Microbiology: Fi/l/gal allcf Bacterial Diseases Reptile
Contract Veterinarian
Louisiana Iligator Indu try Jl hn f{ 1 .... 0\
Louisian Department of WíldlLfe and Fi heries Small/ ohc Anim 1Practitioner
Balon Rouge, Louisiana Riv riiide Animal Ho pital
(rocodilian DiffereJllial Diag/losis Jacksonville, FI rida
Gel/eral HlIshal1rlry ami Mal1l1gement
1 • m () l '~'! "J\ \
Tufts niversity School of Veterillary edicine lloft J\ , D
raft n, Massachusetts Directc r of Educabon
Certihed Veterina ry Acupuncturist Animal Emergency Center
Chi Institute Glendale, Wisconsin
Reddick, Florida Emerge/ll:y fl11d Critica! Care
China National Society of T VM
Bejing China Il r>; 11 ~dlU llad e. .1 l J D.\C
Alternative alld Complel11clllary Vete/illtl,-y Thaapil'<: As~uóate Profes or of Avían and Zoologi al Medicine
Depc1rtrnent of Small Animal Clinical den ces
r
:ln l ('{1 , Orig)!i, O ' :\1. PhD ColIege of Veterinary Me idlle
Scientist The University of TClmes ce
Irnmumology and Infechous Diseases Knoxville, D nne sel'
San Raffaele Scientific Institute Anest}¡esia ami Analgesia
Milano, Italy lIle/llsion Body DI5ease VlTUS
Herpc5virus in Tortoises
_am Sih 'rman O '. 1. PhD. D 'R
Parl' 1, D\ I D C\~I Clinical Profe sor
Assistant Professor Departmenl uf urgical and RadiologicaI Science
Special Species Health University of Calif rnja, Davj~
Dl'partment of Surgical ciencc, Davis, California
Srnool of Veterinary Medicine Radiologist
University of Wisconsin Private Practiee
Madison, Wisconsin Sausalito, California
Fungal Diseases o Reptiles Dmgllostic Imnging
Lm 1\ e, O L
U1
Resident Profes or and urator
Adva.n ed CriticaI Care élnd Internal Medicine Univer ity of Alberta Microfungus Coliection
Tusbn, California and H rbarium
G!ossary Devonian Botanic Carden an Medical Mlcrobiology
élnJ Immunology
1 ! 1- PI ha . B \ Edmonton, Alberta, Callada
Associate Professor and Director Microbiology FUlIgal lllllf Bac/erial Diseases of Reptiles
Wildlife Clinic
Departrnent of EnvlronmentaI and Population Health ] farl.I.l
Cllmmings S ho I of Vl'terinary MediCine Marathon Veterinary Hospital
Tufts Univer ity Marathon, Florida
. Grafton, Massachll etl Disi1/fe tll/lts for thc Vivllrilllll
A/lomelric Sca/lng
l 1. ~ t' l,U I.U
b 1 lü {hi ,) 1, ~. Phn, D b f}1 Stah l Exotic nimal Velerinary Services
lnterim Deparlment Head and Professor Vienna, Virginia
DeparLment of mall Animal Medió ne and Surg ry Hyperglycemia in Rl.'ptilcs
Coilege of Vet rinary Medicine
University of Georgia ~ 'oH t(,1ll D
Athens, Georgia Studio City Animal Hospital
Virology ludio City, Caljfornia
Ht'/nntolo ic mld Bload ClIemistry al/l f!s i/1 Reptiles
mw
Contributors
iJ "D. te t ,D B '1 I • \\ 11It,,~('r, \1 , D '1\1
Veterinary Services Director Research Associat Professor
Disncy's Animal Pro ran1b Center of Marin BiotechnoJogy
W It Disney World Baltimore, Maryland
Lake Buena VIsta, F1 rida Deputy Executive Director for Biological Prograrns
Ultrasol1ogmphy Bíological Programs
ational Aquarium in Baltim re
Gr' \) 1 IIrgh Baltimore, Maryland
AJi o Viej ,Cal¡e m ia Warking with Vel1a1nous Species: Emergcncy Frotacals
Building a Suc e." fui Reptile Practice
I Wnght. D"M
t'\'1
It .) lor, 0\ ¡ 1 Adjunct Prof ssor
Service Chie[ Zoological Medicine
A ian and Exotic Medicine University of Pennsylvania
Veterinary Tc-aching Hospital College of Veterinary edicine
Ontario eterinary College Philadelphia, Penns Ivania
niversity of Guelph Curiltor of Amphibians and H.epliles
Guelph, Ontario, an da Philadelphia Zoological Garden
E/ldoscopy Philadelphia, Pennsyl ania
Overview oi AmphibÍl1l1 Medicine
1::. ~ (ott , '(>her 1Il. Aquatic Vctl'rin:Jcv Al11phibian Farl11ulary
\ il l( s, ID
H ad Vet rinarían and Research Associate Jeanl>tt> \\,nckl.:'Jl, 'hO
Animal Health Department istant Professor
New England quariurn Department of Biological Sciences
Bostan, Massachusetts Florida Atlantic University
Medical Ca re oi Seaturtles (Medical Managemel1t Bo 11 Raton, Florida
ai Cold-Stunmd SeatUl'tle~) Medienl Care ai Seatllrtles (Species Identifica/ion Ilnd Biolagy)
Camputed. Tomagraphy amI Magnetic Resallal1ce Imagillg
Ji \\dldl n, D\ '
1
R~sident, Zoological Medicine Ud, '( '\ \ era \AS, VT
Small Animal Clinical ~ciences eterinary Technician
Univ rsity 01 Florida Alameda East eterinary Hospital
Gainesville, Florida Denver, Colorado
Understanding Diagnostie Testillg SlIl'gery (Bia/elemetnj)
Acariasis
Lori D. \ 'cndldnu. DV¡ 1 Dy"ecdy:;is
Assislant Scientist Spil11l1 Osteapatlly
Department of Pathobiology Repar/ed Taxici/ies in! eptilrs
Universit of Florida
ainesville, Florida rJ 11:.1 'elel, BS
As ociate Vcterinarian College of Veterinary Medicine
Micanopy Animal Hospital Thc University of nnes ee
Mi 'anopy, Florida KnoxviIle, Tennessee
Upper Respiratory Traet Disea:;e (Mycoplasmosis) in Tartaises A,¡esthesia al1d Analgesia