Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice: Medical and Surgical Aspects PDF
Preview Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice: Medical and Surgical Aspects
Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians Joseph G. Schenker · John J. Sciarra Liselotte Mettler · Andrea R. Genazzani Martin Birkhaeuser Editors Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice Medical and Surgical Aspects Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians Series Editors Joseph G. Schenker Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel John J. Sciarra Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation Chicago USA Liselotte Mettler Obstetrics & Gynaecology, House 24 University Hospital Schleswig-Holst Kiel Germany Andrea R. Genazzani International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology Pisa Italy Martin Birkhaeuser Professor emeritus of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland This series will focuses on and presents developments in knowledge and practice within all aspects of reproductive medicine. It will help to cover the important gap between the new possibilities offered by the most recent investigations and technical developments and the application in clinical practice. The series will be a useful tool for professionals and practitioners in the fields of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Human Reproduction. Trainees interested in the most complete information on the developments of reproductive medicine will benefit as well. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15751 Joseph G. Schenker John J. Sciarra • Liselotte Mettler Andrea R. Genazzani • Martin Birkhaeuser Editors Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice Medical and Surgical Aspects Editors Joseph G. Schenker John J. Sciarra Department Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah Medical Center Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation Jerusalem Chicago Israel USA Liselotte Mettler Andrea R. Genazzani Obstetrics and Gynaecology International Society of Gynecological University Hospital Schleswig-Holst Endocrinology Kiel Pisa Germany Italy Martin Birkhaeuser Professor emeritus of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland ISSN 2523-3599 ISSN 2523-3602 (electronic) Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians ISBN 978-3-319-78008-5 ISBN 978-3-319-78009-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78009-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950442 © IAHR (International Academy of Human Reproduction) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword This first volume of the series of the International Academy of Human Reproduction focuses on new aspects of reproductive medicine, from the professional responsibil- ity model of ethics to the areas of high clinical involvement in human reproduction, such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary, family planning, and postcoital contraception. The book discusses fertility and assisted reproductive techniques in the context of genetics and epigenetics as well as psychosomatic and longevity aspects. In addi- tion, it presents new technologies and therapeutic strategies to improve IVF results and prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), as well as the new chal- lenges and the future of imaging in reproduction. Menopause and the effects of estrogens on atherosclerosis prevention and mood and more generally the reproduc- tive hormones’ impact on dementia and healthy aging are also covered. Further, it includes a section devoted to innovative aspects of gynecological surgery, discuss- ing the treatments of vaginal aplasia, reproductive microsurgery, and technological breakthroughs in pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Last but not least, it examines the syndromic aspects of preterm birth. This volume is a useful and comprehensive tool for gynecologists, obstetricians, endocrinologists, and all specialists who deal with women’s reproductive health. Jerusalem, Israel Joseph G. Schenker v Series Preface The issue introduces a new series book Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians pub- lished on behalf of the International Academy of Human Reproduction. The main objectives of the academy are to extend the knowledge in all aspects of human reproduction, to encourage clinical experience and promote scientific thoughts and investigation, and to consider the ethical and social implications of the current practice of human reproduction. The fellows of the academy are elected based on their significant contribution to the field and must be acknowledged as world leaders in the discipline. The Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians book series will cover the clinical science and medical aspects of reproductive physiology, pathology, and endocrinol- ogy, including andrology, gonad function, gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo development, implantation, early pregnancy, genetics, genetic diagnosis, oncology, infectious disease, surgery, contraception, infertility treatment, psychology, ethics, and social issues. This series focuses on and presents developments in knowledge and practice within all aspects of reproductive medicine. The contents include origi- nal articles, reviews, and views. It will help to cover the important gap between the new possibilities offered by the most recent investigations and technical developments and the application in clinical practice. The series will be a useful tool for professionals and practitioners in the fields of gynecology, obstetrics, and human reproduction. Trainees interested in the most complete information on the developments of reproductive medicine will benefit as well. The books will maintain the highest clinical and scientific standards in these mat- ters under the guidance of active editorial board. The Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians book series will be published twice per year. On behalf of the International Academy of Human Reproduction (IAHR), I trust you will support to sustain a high-quality book series devoted to human reproduction. Jerusalem, Israel Joseph G. Schenker vii Preface Human reproductive medicine deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and manage- ment of reproductive problems. Many advances in this field have come about mainly as a result of discoveries by scientists working in completely different fields, such as physiology, biochemistry, endocrinology, immunology, genetics, and the pathology of reproduction in both human and other animal species. Reproductive medicine addresses medical conditions related to puberty, infertil- ity, contraception, family planning, menopause, fertility preservation, and sexual dysfunction. Advances in human reproductive medicine were not only scientifically important but also significant steps in female empowerment. Sellman Aschheim and Bernard Zondek developed the “Pregnancy test,” a major product of reproductive endocrinology. Invented in Berlin in 1927, it launched the modern era of obstetric knowledge, allowing women to know if they are pregnant in the early stages of gestation. The introduction of “The Pill” allowed for the separation of sex and procreation and as such gave women more control over their bodies and improved the well- being of single women as well as those in marriages or relationships. The develop- ment of medical contraceptive technology created a shift in the balance of power between men and women by affecting fertility decision rights. Global data in 2010 showed that 1.9% of women aged 20–44 suffered from pri- mary infertility and 10.5% from secondary infertility. Infertility is a central issue in the lives of the individuals who suffer from it. It is a source of social and psycho- logical suffering for both men and women. Since the birth of Louise Brown, the first child born as a result of in vitro fertil- ization in 1978 (Edwards and Steptoe), IVF has become a routine and widely accepted treatment for infertility. Since her birth, around eight million children have been born worldwide as the result of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is defined as all treatments or proce- dures that include the in vitro handling of both human oocytes and sperm, or of embryos, for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy. This includes, but is not lim- ited to, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, gamete intrafallopian transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, tubal embryo transfer, gamete and embryo cryo- preservation, oocyte and embryo donation, and gestational surrogacy. ix x Preface Assisted reproductive technology brings about a complete separation of repro- duction from sex. It opens up new possibilities for reproduction without sex, some of which give rise to important ethical, legal, religious, and social questions. The International Academy of Human Reproduction (IAHR) has decided to pub- lish a series entitled Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice. The objectives of the academy are (1) to extend the knowledge in all aspects of human reproduction, fertility and infertility, and family planning, as well as popula- tion affairs; (2) to encourage exchange of clinical experience and promotion of sci- entific thought and investigation; and (3) to consider the ethical and social implications of the current practice of human reproduction and reproductive biology. The members of the academy are selected from among applicants from the fields of clinical medicine, medical education, medical and biological sciences, and other fields related to reproductive health and medicine. Members are elected based on their singular and significant contributions to the field and must be acknowledged as world leaders in their discipline. Starting in 1974 in Rio de Janeiro, the IAHR has held successful congress every 3 years in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia. Our congress promotes excellence in reproduction and aims to bridge the gap between the expansion of information and its implementation in clinical practice. The series Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice, published by Springer, will provide background to many areas of human reproduction and highlight the issues of women’s health. To facilitate this, the chapters will be written by acknowledged pioneers and experts from each area of human reproduction. The volumes of Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice will be of enor- mous value to clinicians, scientists, all students of the biomedical sciences, and other individuals interested in women’s health issues. Jerusalem Israel Joseph G. Schenker Chicago, IL John J. Sciarra Kiel, Germany Liselotte Mettler Pisa, Italy Andrea R. Genazzani Bern, Switzerland Martin Birkhaeuser Contents 1 The Professional Responsibility Model of Ethics in Obstetrics and Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Frank A. Chervenak and Laurence B. McCullough 2 Human Reproduction: From State of the Art to Future Developments “Endometriosis Therapeutic Approaches” . . . . . . . . . . 5 Liselotte Mettler and Ibrahim Alkatout 3 The Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: From Genome-Wide Association to Molecular Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Jerome F. Strauss III, Bhavi P. Modi, and Janette M. McAllister 4 Psychosomatic Aspects of Infertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Klimek Rudolf 5 Thyroid Diseases and Female Infertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Petrache Vartej and Ioana Vartej 6 Fertility and Longevity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Neri Laufer 7 Improving IVF Results: How Far Can We Tamper with Human Biology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Pasquale Patrizio and Sherman Silber 8 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): Pathogenesis and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Lina Dauod and Joseph G. Schenker 9 Future of Imaging in Human Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Sanja Kupesic-Plavsic and Sushila Arya 10 New Challenges of Echography in Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Sonal Panchal and Asim Kurjak 11 Present Role of Hormonal Contraception in Family Planning . . . . . . . 133 Giuseppe Benagiano, Carlo Bastianelli, Manuela Farris, and Ivo Brosens xi
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