Reproductive Endocrinology: A Molecular Approach PDF
Preview Reproductive Endocrinology: A Molecular Approach
Reproductive Endocrinology Pedro J. Chedrese Editor Reproductive Endocrinology A Molecular Approach 123 Editor PedroJ.Chedrese DepartmentofBiology CollegeofArtsandScience UniversityofSaskatchewan Saskatoon,Saskatchewan Canada [email protected] ISBN978-0-387-88185-0 e-ISBN978-0-387-88186-7 DOI10.1007/978-0-387-88186-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008935613 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthe publisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbrief excerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageand retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter developedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentified assuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofgoingtopress,neither theauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmay bemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper springer.com Almostallaspectsoflifeareorganizedatthemolecularlevel,andifwedo notunderstandmolecules,ourcomprehensionoflifewillbeveryincomplete FrancisCrick Preface Molecularbiologyisarelativelynewsciencethatemergedfromtheadvancesinbiochemistry ofthe1940sand1950s,whenthestructureofthenucleicacidsandproteinswereelucidated. With progress in the 1970s in nucleic acid enzymology and the discovery of the restriction enzymes,thetoolsofmolecularbiologybecamewidelyavailableandwereappliedtocellbiol- ogytostudyhowgenesareregulated.Thisnewknowledgeimpactedendocrinologyandrepro- ductive biology, since it was largely known that the secretion of the internal glands affected phenotypes,andthereforeexpressionofgenes.In1982thefirsteditionof“MolecularCloning: ALaboratoryManual,”(Maniatis,FritchandSambrook)waspublished,offeringresearchers the first organized collection of protocols for molecular techniques. It was the application of thesetechniquesbyendocrinologiststhatgavebirthtomolecularendocrinology.Fromthenon, theuseofthesemoderntoolsnotonlyshedlightonfundamentalquestionsinendocrinology and reproductive biology, but also has become central to scientific studies in all living mat- ter,impactingdisciplinessuchashumanandveterinarymedicineandrelatedhealthsciences, includinganimal,agricultureandenvironmentalsciences.Thus,modernreproductivebiology encompasseseverylevelofbiologicalstudyfromgenomicstoecology,takinginagreatdeal of cell biology, biochemistry, endocrinology and general physiology. All of these disciplines requireabasicknowledge,bothasatoolandasessentialaidtofundamentalunderstandingthe principlesoflifeinhealthanddisease. Graduatestudentsenterintoreproductive biologyprogramswithveryvariedbackgrounds and in many cases their knowledge requires updates to allow them to appreciate the full potential of the field. This is particularly true for the students with professional degrees because the need to concentrate on information that often leads to the conclusion that molecular biology isalltooesoteric. Hence thepurpose of thisbook istoservetheneeds of students and professionals to encourage them to integrate the extensive knowledge that they alreadyhavewithafieldthattheyoftenfindoff-puttingbecauseofitsunfamiliarconceptsand terminology. In this book, the basic biochemistry of nucleic acids and proteins are reviewed. Methodologies used to study signaling and gene regulation in the endocrine/reproductive systemarealsodiscussed.Topicsincludethebasisandtoolsofmolecularbiologyregulation of reproductive hormones, organs and tissues, and several endocrine disorders affecting the reproductive system. We believe that graduate students and professionals in the medical, veterinary and animal sciences fields willfind this book an exciting and stimulating material thatwillenhancethebreadthandqualityofresearch. Saskatoon,SK PedroJ.Chedrese vii Acknowledgments My warm thanks to Christine Meaden and Victoria Fachal for their friendship, constant sup- port, help and editing skills. Special acknowledgement to Dr. Mike Henson, Dr. Loro Kujjo, Dr. Holly LaVoie, Dr. Tracy Marchant, Dr. Gloria Perez and Dr. Martina Piasek who collab- orated with great enthusiasm. Thanks for your friendship and for sharing your scholarship and advice. As always when last minute glitches come up there are special people in the wings who are willing to lend a hand. I am grateful to Dr. Charles Blake for his help and Dr. Abraham Kierszenbaum who graciously in very short time contributed a key chapter to thisbook.GratitudeisexpressedtoDr.BruceD.Murphyforhissupportandmentorship. ix Contents PartI TheBasisforMolecularReproductiveBiology 1 IntroductiontotheMolecularOrganizationoftheEndocrine/ReproductiveSystem...................... 3 PedroJ.Chedrese 2 ExtracellularSignalingReceptors.................................................................. 13 PedroJ.ChedreseandStellaM.Celuch 3 TheMoleculesThatTransmitInformationintotheCell:TheIntracellularSignalingPathways ........... 23 PedroJ.ChedreseandAlejandroM.Bertorello 4 IntroductiontoMolecularBiology:StructureandFunctionoftheMacromolecules ofGeneticInformation............................................................................ 41 PedroJ.Chedrese 5 RegulationofGeneExpression .................................................................... 51 PedroJ.Chedrese 6 MolecularBasisofAbnormalPhenotype............................................................ 67 PedroJ.ChedreseandChristineMeaden PartII TheToolsofMolecularReproductiveBiology 7 RecombinantDNATechnology .................................................................... 75 PedroJ.Chedrese 8 TechniquesforDNAAnalysis...................................................................... 83 JavierS.CastresanaandPaulaLa´zcoz 9 AnalyzingGeneExpression ....................................................................... 97 HollyA.LaVoieandPedroJ.Chedrese 10 DNAMicroarrayAnalysis......................................................................... 105 GheorgheT.Braileanu 11 ComputerAssistedAnalysisofGenes............................................................... 113 M.VictoriaFachalandMichaelFurlan 12 IntroductiontoGeneTherapy ..................................................................... 119 AymanAl-HendyandSalamaA.Salama xi xii Contents PartIII MolecularRegulationofReproductiveHormones 13 GnRH-GnRH-ReceptorSystemintheMammalianFemaleReproductiveTract ......................... 131 IndrajitChowdhuryandRajagopalaSridaran 14 FSH:OneHormonewithMultipleForms,oraFamilyofMultipleHormones ........................... 145 TimG.RozellandRenaJ.Okrainetz 15 TheFSHReceptor:OneReceptorwithMultipleFormsoraFamilyofReceptors........................ 161 TimG.Rozell,YonghaiLiand LisaC.Freeman 16 RegulationoftheEarlyStepsinGonadalSteroidogenesis............................................. 175 StevenR.KingandHollyA.LaVoie 17 ProstaglandinsandTheirMechanismsofActionintheCyclicOvary................................... 195 JorgeA.FloresandChristyBarlund 18 Androgens—MolecularBasisandRelatedDisorders ................................................. 205 ChristineMeadenandPedroJ.Chedrese 19 LeptinasaReproductiveHormone................................................................. 215 MichaelC.HensonandV.DanielCastracane 20 NeurosteroidsandSexualBehaviorandReproduction................................................ 229 StevenR.King PartIV MolecularRegulationoftheReproductiveOrgansandTissues 21 AutocrineandParacrineRegulationoftheOvary.................................................... 241 MartaTesone,DalhiaAbramovich,GriseldaIrusta,andFernandaParborell 22 OvarianEndocrineActivity:RoleofFollistatin,Activin,andInhibin................................... 249 StellaCampo,NazarethLoreti,andLuzAndreone 23 HormonalandMolecularRegulationoftheCytochromeP450AromataseGeneExpression intheOvary ..................................................................................... 257 CarlosStocco 24 EpigeneticMechanismsofOvarianGeneRegulation ................................................. 271 HollyA.LaVoie 25 OvarianFunctionandFailure:TheRoleoftheOocyteandItsMolecules............................... 281 LoroL.KujjoandGloriaI.Perez 26 MolecularControlofCorpusLuteumFunction...................................................... 291 CarlosStocco 27 TheMolecularLandscapeofSpermatogonialStemCellRenewal,MeioticSexChromosomeInactivation, andSpermaticHeadShaping...................................................................... 313 LauraL.TresandAbrahamL.Kierszenbaum Contents xiii AppendixA GlossaryofMolecularTerm ............................................................... 323 AppendixB GlossaryofTermsandAcronyms........................................................... 333 Index ............................................................................................... 347
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