Reproductive Allocation in Plants (Physiological Ecology)

261 Pages·2005·15.96 MB·English

by  Edward Reekie

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Reproductive Allocation
in Plants
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This is a volume in the
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY Series
Edited by Harold A. Mooney
Stanford University, Stanford, California
A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of the volume.
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Reproductive Allocation
in Plants
Edited by
Edward G. Reekie
Biology Department
Acadia University
Wolfville, NS, Canada
Fakhri A. Bazzaz
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA, USA
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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Cover photo credit: Eric Kershaw (Kalmia inflorescence)
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Contents
Contributors ix
1. The Resource Economy of Plant Reproduction 1
P. Staffan Karlsson, Marcos Méndez
I. Introduction 1
II. Historical Prelude 1
III. The Principle of Allocation 3
IV. Reproductive Effort 3
A. Definitions 3
V. Problems in Determining Reproductive Allocation 5
A. The Currency 6
B. Definition of Reproductive versus Nonreproductive Plant Parts 7
C. When Should Reproductive Allocation be Measured? 8
VI. Dynamic Resource Allocation 8
VII. Empirical Patterns in Reproductive Allocation 9
A. RA and Life History 10
B. RA in Relation to Succession, Competition, and Disturbance 13
C. RA in Relation to Environmental Stress 18
D. Genetic Variation in RA 19
E. What does the Evidence Say? 20
VIII. Costs of Reproduction 20
A. Methodological Issues 21
B. Quantitative Links between Reproductive Allocation and Costs 22
IX. Conclusions 29
Acknowledgments 30
References 30
Appendix 40
2. Meristem Allocation as a Means of Assessing
Reproductive Allocation 50
Kari Lehtilä, Annika Sundås Larsson
I. Introduction 50
II. Developmental and Physiological Background of Meristem
Allocation 51
III. Meristem Structure and Generation of Plant Architecture 52
IV. Axillary Bud Formation and Subsequent Development of the Bud 54
V. Genetics and Physiology of the Floral Transition 55
VI. Meristem Types 56
VII. Meristem Models 57
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VIII. The Assumptions of the Models 61
IX. The Impact of Meristem Allocation on Reproductive Allocation 63
X. Plasticity of Meristem Allocation 64
XI. Major Genes of Meristem Allocation 66
XII. Resource Levels and Meristem Limitation 67
XIII. The Function of Dormant Buds 68
XIV. Meristem Allocation as a Surrogate in Estimation of
Resource Allocation 69
XV. Conclusions 70
Acknowledgments 71
References 71
3. It Never Rains but then it Pours:The Diverse Effects of Water
on Flower Integrity and Function 75
Candace Galen
I. Introduction 75
II. The Functional Ecology of Water in the Life of a Flower 76
A. Water Use by Flowers 76
B. The Water Cost of Flowers 78
C. Water as a Regulator of Flower Microclimate 79
D. Water as a Conduit for Environmental Sources of
Flower Damage 79
III. Water Relations and the Evolution of Floral Traits 80
A. Floral Traits as Resource Sinks: The Resource Cost Hypothesis 80
B. Floral Traits and Water in the Flower Microclimate: Parental
Environmental Effects 82
C. Plastic Responses of Floral Traits to Water Availability: Impact
on Plant–Pollinator Interactions 86
IV. Conclusions 88
Acknowledgments 89
References 90
4. The Allometry of Reproductive Allocation 94
Gregory P. Cheplick
I. Introduction 94
II. Definition and Analysis of RA in Relation to Allometry 96
III. Allometry Theory and RA 98
IV. Relation of RA to Relative Fitness 102
V. Allometry of Modules 105
VI. Allometry of RA and Plant Life History 109
VII. Determinants of Allometry 119
VIII. Conclusions 120
References 121
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Contents vii
5. Sex-specific Physiology and its Implications
for the Cost of Reproduction 126
Andrea L.Case, Tia-Lynn Ashman
I. Introduction 126
II. Sexual Polymorphisms 128
III. Costs of Reproduction 128
A. Male Costs 129
B. Female Costs 130
C. Common Flowering Costs 130
D. Demographic Costs 131
IV. Avenues for Mitigating the Cost of Reproduction 133
A. Photosynthetic Reproductive Organs 133
B. Increased Vegetative Photosynthesis 135
C. Increased Resource Uptake and Resource Use Efficiency 135
D. Reabsorption 136
V.Predictions for Sex-specific Physiology Based on Differential
Reproductive Costs 136
A. Predictions for Females and Males 137
B. Predictions for Hermaphrodites in Monomorphic Sexual Systems:
Cosexuality, Monoecy, and Diphasy 138
C. Predictions for Hermaphrodites in Dimorphic Sexual Systems:
Gynodioecy and Subdioecy 139
VI. Potential Causes of Sex-specific Physiology 140
A. Physiological Differences Reflect Plastic Responses to Contrasting
Reproductive Allocation between Sexes 140
B. Selection Modifies Physiological Traits after the Separation of the
Sexes to Meet Differential Reproductive Costs 141
C. Physiology Changes as a Correlated Response to Selection on Other
Traits (e.g., via Pleiotropy or Linkage) 141
VII. Available Data on Sex-specific Physiology 142
VIII.Recommendations for Future Study 148
Acknowledgments 148
References 148
Appendix 154
6. Time of Flowering,Costs of Reproduction,
and Reproductive Output in Annuals 155
Tadaki Hirose, Toshihiko Kinugasa, Yukinori Shitaka
I. Introduction 155
II. Modeling of Reproductive Output 156
III. Timing of Reproduction 158
A. Effect of Nutrient Availability 158
B. Effect of Germination Dates 160
C. Effect of Change in Flowering Time 162
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IV. Costs of Reproduction 168
A. Reproductive Effort and the Relative Somatic Cost 170
B. Nitrogen Use Efficiency 172
V. Reproductive Nitrogen 176
VI. Conclusions 182
References 182
7. The Shape of the Trade-off Function between
Reproduction and Growth 185
Edward G. Reekie, German Avila-Sakar
I. Introduction 185
II. Methods of Describing the Trade-off Function 187
III. The Shape of the Trade-off Function in Plantago 191
IV. Impact of Reproduction on Resource Uptake 192
V. Differences in the Resource Requirements of Vegetative versus
Reproductive Tissue 195
VI. Effect of Nitrogen versus Light Limitation 201
VII. Effect of Growth Pattern 202
VIII. Conclusions 207
Acknowledgments 208
References 208
8. On Size,Fecundity,and Fitness in Competing Plants 211
Lonnie W. Aarssen
I. Introduction 211
II. Defining the Components of Competitive Ability for Between-species
Plant Competition: Lessons from Within-species Competition 215
III. Predicting Fecundity under Competition 216
IV. Relationships among Plant Traits Affecting Fecundity under
Competition: Alternative Ways to Compete Intensely While Avoiding
Competitive Exclusion 220
V. Preliminary Empirical Tests 227
VI. Predicting Winners from Rank Orders in Plant Competition: Lessons
from Sports Competition 231
VII. Conclusions 237
Acknowledgments 238
References 238
Index 241
Previous Volumes in Series 245
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Contributors
Number in parentheses after each name indicates the chapter number for the
author’s contribution
Lonnie W. Aarssen (8) Candace Galen (3)
Department of Biology Division of Biological Sciences
Queen’s University 105 Tucker Hall
Kingston, ON University of Missouri, Columbia
K7L 3N6, Canada MO 65211, USA
Tia-Lynn Ashman (5) Tadaki Hirose (6)
Department of Biological Tokyo University of Agriculture
Sciences Department of International
University of Pittsburgh Agricultural Development
Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku
Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
German Avila-Sakar (7)
Department of Biology P. Staffan Karlsson (1)
Mount Saint Vincent University Department of Plant Ecology
Bedford, NS Evolutionary Biology Centre
B3M 2J6, Canada Uppsala University, Villavägen 14
SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
Andrea L. Case (5)
Department of Biological Toshihiko Kinugasa (6)
Sciences Graduate School of Life Sciences
Duke University Tohoku University
Box No. 90338 Sendai 980-8578
Durham, NC 27708, USA Japan
Gregory P. Cheplick (4) Annika S. Larsson (2)
Department of Biology Department of Physiological Botany
College of Staten Island Uppsala University
City University of New York Villav. 6, S-752 36 Uppsala
Staten Island, NY 10314, USA Sweden
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