Reproducing the Future: anthropology, kinship and the new reproductive technologies

210 Pages·1992·14.209 MB·English

by  Marilyn Strathern

MariSltyrna atnhJdea rnCnea tr sten
arsee raidevsi sers
foMra nchUensitveePrrr seistsy' s
publiisSnh oicAningat lh ropology REPRODUCING
THEF UTURE
Essaoynsa nthropology,
kinsahnidtp h nee w
reprodutcetcihvneo logies
MarilSytnr athern
ManchesUtneirv erPsrietsys
MariSltyrna atnhJdea rnCnea tr sten
arsee raidevsi sers
foMra nchUensitveePrrr seistsy' s
publiisSnh oicAningat lh ropology REPRODUCING
THEF UTURE
Essaoynsa nthropology,
kinsahnidtp h nee w
reprodutcetcihvneo logies
MarilSytnr athern
ManchesUtneirv erPsrietsys
Copyri©g Mhatr ilSytnr ath1e9r9n2
PublisbhyMea ndc heUsntievre rPsrietsys CONTENTS
OxfoRroda dM,a nchesMt1e39r P LU,K
BriLtiisbhr caartya loguingd-aitna- publication
Praecf-e pagvei i
A catoagluree cofrodtr h ibso oiksa vaillea b
frotmh Ber itLiisbhr ary Acknowledgements-viii
ISBN7 1O90 3 673h-a9 rdback
O7 1903 674p-a7 perback IntrodAurctiticifiloainlf e-1
c ___
�_f.!)I!- -
Chap1t Keirn shaisps isted-14
Chap2t eEnrt erprkiisnisnhcgio pn:s ucmheori ce
andt hnee wr eproductive t3e1c hnologies-
r,
Chap3t Feurt ukrien sahnidtp h set uodfyc ulture�-,4 4 ,
�,
PARIIT
Chap4t Beert weaeM ne lanesainadan f iesmti nist-64
Chap5t Pearr atnsdw holreesf:i gurreilnagt ionships-90
PARITII
Chap6t Pearr tnaenrdcs o nsumers-118
Chap7t epAr a rtidtp iroonceess-139
Chap8t Reerp roduacnitnhgr opology-163
References-183
,I ndex-194
PrinitGner adet rritain
byB el&l B aiLni mitGelda,s gow
Copyri©g Mhatr ilSytnr ath1e9r9n2
PublisbhyMea ndc heUsntievre rPsrietsys CONTENTS
OxfoRroda dM,a nchesMt1e39r P LU,K
BriLtiisbhr caartya loguingd-aitna- publication
Praecf-e pagvei i
A catoagluree cofrodtr h ibso oiksa vaillea b
frotmh Ber itLiisbhr ary Acknowledgements-viii
ISBN7 1O90 3 673h-a9 rdback
O7 1903 674p-a7 perback IntrodAurctiticifiloainlf e-1
c ___
�_f.!)I!- -
Chap1t Keirn shaisps isted-14
Chap2t eEnrt erprkiisnisnhcgio pn:s ucmheori ce
andt hnee wr eproductive t3e1c hnologies-
r,
Chap3t Feurt ukrien sahnidtp h set uodfyc ulture�-,4 4 ,
�,
PARIIT
Chap4t Beert weaeM ne lanesainadan f iesmti nist-64
Chap5t Pearr atnsdw holreesf:i gurreilnagt ionships-90
PARITII
Chap6t Pearr tnaenrdcs o nsumers-118
Chap7t epAr a rtidtp iroonceess-139
Chap8t Reerp roduacnitnhgr opology-163
References-183
,I ndex-194
PrinitGner adet rritain
byB el&l B aiLni mitGelda,s gow
,,
PREFACE
Thivso lummaer aknse poocfsh o rTthsee.s sbaeylsot noag,n tdh mea jori­
tyw erwer itdtuernit nhtgei, m weh etnh Bei floltr h Heu maFne rtilisation
andE mbryoAlcot(g 1y9 90g)o itnhgr oPuagrhl iahmaedsn tti mulated
pubdleibcai tnBer itTahiienm .p licoaftt himeoe ndsid ceavle loptmheantt s
labye hitnhAdec atr weo rld-Twhiedesese.s t aoyusoc nth h Ber itdiesbha te
frotmh pea rtipceurlsapreo cfat nai nvteh ropologist.
Newp rocrepaotsisvieb- ifleirttiielsi satgiaomned toen ation,
inv itro,
matersnuarlr o-gafcoyr munleawtp eo ssibfioltrih tiinekasib nogu t
kinsAhtit ph.se a mtei maen,di nevitably,a rpieom sasgiibnieldi ties
throiudgehaa lsr eianed xyi staenandlc ree paadroytfa c ultruerpaelr toire.
Asc ultfuarcastlus ci,hd eiansf oorumrr e presendteastciroianpnstd,i ons
analoyfsk eisn sahnitdph ,fue t uorfek inslhiiiepnts h efiurt tuoroeT. h e
samies saulesosop eunpl arqgueers taiboonhusot w t ot hitnhkie n ter­
actbieotnw 'eneant aunrd'e c'u latsus ruecA'hn .t hropohlaovtgehi esitrs
owni nvestmtehcneot n cioenfcp utl taunrqdeu ,e stairioennt su rrna ised
abohuotwa nthropwoirlleolpg ryo idtcusoc nec iepntt hfseu ture.
Myh opiets h taotg etthheees rs waiydlsel m onsotnrkeai tnoedfc ontri­
butitohnaa tn thropologiccaalmn a kktenoc o uwrlrededengbteaI ttie s.
knowltehdoagptee ndlryao wnss ubstamnattievrfeir aoolmts h pearro tfs
thweo rladn,hd e nfcreo omt her pceuolptlfuear'c,aest lv s ewnh einit s
most aboTuhtu tshhp oerm ees.e nta rieens fsoarbymysre edc reentth inking
ofm odeolfks i nsihnMi epl anTehsiissae .ra vsaer se minodfwe hrai tas t
staiknef ashionneiwdn egs criopftk iironen lsa tAinotnhsr.o pological
knowloefdfgaeet r rsa nspeaxraemonpfttl h epe r oceisnsv oilnrv eetdh inking
throcuognhc eapntidsm agwehso seex presfsoirabmllsre e baedlyot nog
othreerp eratnotidrh eutssoo thsepre cdiofmiacio fni sd eIanst .h aitt
borraoswm su ch froamn idit otsws npe alsfat si dto es eflrsoemw here.
Andi nt haste ntshewe o rilksdi n.
Peopelvee rywehxeprroeer cs osm muniecvaettnhe me o sgte neorfa l
thougihnst pse cainfpdia cr tifcourlmiasnr;d etehdem ya kteh eiidre as
availtaoob nlaeen otthlefrr souucgfhho rmAssa. c onseqtuheeanyrc ee
alwabyosr rowioifnn lgfy,r otmh emseIlitvts eh (sic.su ltfuarcaitllh)ia tty
enabulste osa to ncgei vseh atpoea ndp rovoiudres ewlivts�hts a rting
poifnotfrsr etshho ught.
,,
PREFACE
Thivso lummaer aknse poocfsh o rTthsee.s sbaeylsot noag,n tdh mea jori­
tyw erwer itdtuernit nhtgei, m weh etnh Bei floltr h Heu maFne rtilisation
andE mbryoAlcot(g 1y9 90g)o itnhgr oPuagrhl iahmaedsn tti mulated
pubdleibcai tnBer itTahiienm .p licoaftt himeoe ndsid ceavle loptmheantt s
labye hitnhAdec atr weo rld-Twhiedesese.s t aoyusoc nth h Ber itdiesbha te
frotmh pea rtipceurlsapreo cfat nai nvteh ropologist.
Newp rocrepaotsisvieb- ifleirttiielsi satgiaomned toen ation,
inv itro,
matersnuarlr o-gafcoyr munleawtp eo ssibfioltrih tiinekasib nogu t
kinsAhtit ph.se a mtei maen,di nevitably,a rpieom sasgiibnieldi ties
throiudgehaa lsr eianed xyi staenandlc ree paadroytfa c ultruerpaelr toire.
Asc ultfuarcastlus ci,hd eiansf oorumrr e presendteastciroianpnstd,i ons
analoyfsk eisn sahnitdph ,fue t uorfek inslhiiiepnts h efiurt tuoroeT. h e
samies saulesosop eunpl arqgueers taiboonhusot w t ot hitnhkie n ter­
actbieotnw 'eneant aunrd'e c'u latsus ruecA'hn .t hropohlaovtgehi esitrs
owni nvestmtehcneot n cioenfcp utl taunrqdeu ,e stairioennt su rrna ised
abohuotwa nthropwoirlleolpg ryo idtcusoc nec iepntt hfseu ture.
Myh opiets h taotg etthheees rs waiydlsel m onsotnrkeai tnoedfc ontri­
butitohnaa tn thropologiccaalmn a kktenoc o uwrlrededengbteaI ttie s.
knowltehdoagptee ndlryao wnss ubstamnattievrfeir aoolmts h pearro tfs
thweo rladn,hd e nfcreo omt her pceuolptlfuear'c,aest lv s ewnh einit s
most aboTuhtu tshhp oerm ees.e nta rieens fsoarbymysre edc reentth inking
ofm odeolfks i nsihnMi epl anTehsiissae .ra vsaer se minodfwe hrai tas t
staiknef ashionneiwdn egs criopftk iironen lsa tAinotnhsr.o pological
knowloefdfgaeet r rsa nspeaxraemonpfttl h epe r oceisnsv oilnrv eetdh inking
throcuognhc eapntidsm agwehso seex presfsoirabmllsre e baedlyot nog
othreerp eratnotidrh eutssoo thsepre cdiofmiacio fni sd eIanst .h aitt
borraoswm su ch froamn idit otsws npe alsfat si dto es eflrsoemw here.
Andi nt haste ntshewe o rilksdi n.
Peopelvee rywehxeprroeer cs osm muniecvaettnhe me o sgte neorfa l
thougihnst pse cainfpdia cr tifcourlmiasnr;d etehdem ya kteh eiidre as
availtaoob nlaeen otthlefrr souucgfhho rmAssa. c onseqtuheeanyrc ee
alwabyosr rowioifnn lgfy,r otmh emseIlitvts eh (sic.su ltfuarcaitllh)ia tty
enabulste osa to ncgei vseh atpoea ndp rovoiudres ewlivts�hts a rting
poifnotfrsr etshho ught.
'
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Myg rattiovta urdipeou ubsl ibsohdfiionebrgse ianlgl otwore edp romdautceer ial
alreoarad byot uobt ei pnr iibnsat c kgtroto huliensb dte lIonaw d.d iItt ihoann,k
Artif/eii cfi al
thsoef acilwihtoha etlcodor,ns v aennoder/dot hrewiosreg antihosece cda sions
whimcahd meew ritthseece h apitnte hfreis pr lsattc heen:ia ermsa r gei voentn h e
tiptalgete oPs a rItI,saI n IdI I.
JanCeatr sitnetnei'rtnseh nseet kw i nshhabisep ea sn t imtuoml yut sh inking.
Ia loswoaec olldeectbtmotiy cv oel leitnah gDeue epsa rotSfm oceinAatnl t hropology
atM anchUensitrvesyerif otern agbm leti ont aakt ee rrme'sse laeraicvn1he 9 91,
anidnp artifcoTuril mla nrg oalndFd'r sa nPcienases 'ssi sDtiasnccuews.is tiho ns 'Yosut� airtatlh i vtihniagnn ygdo sut taarktii atnp gaa rnytdo sue e
AndrHeowl dhianvbgee eapn l eaasshu arbseee ,nr ecgec iovmimnefnrtoNsmi gel whapta r1httas as n hdo awl tlh epsaerf titsto geatnthdret yro derive
RappaonrEdtr iHcaai mes. somgee nerrianlco iftp hlleoe gsoi rcgaaln oifts haotpsiaeorI ntt s'.s
Manoyft h pea pweerrrese wo(rakCnehaddp t7ea rn8sdw rintw)ti etthhse p ecific �
inteorfaer setssep arrocjihenm citnI da :mg ratteotf hEuecl o noamniSdco c ial OKu pt oap 01bnutyto, tu a .k.iea.t p afrutr atnhadelo rlfa s udden
ReseCaorucnfhco tirhla e w a(rRdO O2O32 53f7oa)rne xplosrtayuti donTrthyoe yoduo nh'vatel iafnemy o rleis,feo orfst l tihprso yuogfiuhnr g ers.'
RepresoefKn itantsiihtohihn Cpe o ntoeftxh Ntee Rwe proedT ueccthinvoTlhoeg ies.
othmeerm boeftr hsre e setaeraacmrha e l repaaodrfytte h p reseenntte rapnrdi se, 'Ia_ns�n sweh aw�t' rweo rkoinin asgn a lteforrnmoa fbt ieo logy,
myg ratiisste uldfe- Ieanvd iddieJtneitao.nEn ed,tw ta'eris dn sv esthiagbvaeete ino ns ?eca1usts s eao o rmfti ghhatbv eebe ino lOonpgery o.b wliebtmih o logy
ani nspiSraartFairhoa nnf;ku lrinnmi esw hiemtdahn yi deEarsHi;ic r psacchme ed 1wse o nhlayov neee x amopfal nee a rhtahve ivnogl. v.We.ed 'u rsei ng
twrihetinhotscc w Mrhniea -ntlIiah cno epIhse ai bvanaenobl /tlaE aunndnrtFcg roerlmeo;aiasd nsPn coihryeefct h haibesse saesfu nhres eise ew eainsntd dhl y �h�c omptusoti emrui _mlaaigtneab riyo lwoogrialcndawdsles a"yw hat
if,a nwdec adnoe xpentmhewanottu rsle dab leil myp ratcodt oi cal
succlh arity.
RichPaurrdsp lroowav p erdo aecdtiiotvftoe hrb e e ksitn wdh,im lyte h atnok s ianr ebailo lsoygsitceaml. '
JeaAns htcoonn ttioan cuceu mKualraEetgnea .n haam sa gbneiesfnui pcpeonrtt
wheIhn a bveede ins tfrraocomtt ehtdeh ri Anngfdso .ar pe parnitont gom inodt her Thiisn tercthoaopnklg aeoc nea B rittieslhe vpirsoigorna mme
gapiswn h acto uhladvb ee eamn o raem pelnea ctto mfke isnnh,i tpIh aBnakr bara,
screientn hesedu mmoef1r 9 9(0W yv1e9r9 t0h)te;w Aom erican
Hugahn Adl an.
Apafrrtod mi ffeirnfe onoctensco otnivnegna tniwdoi nttshhe, ex cepotfi on speakCehrrLsia,sn g(tLoonAs l amNoast iLoanbaolr aatnodr y)
Chap1tfo erer d itroeraisatolhnp esa ,pa errpesr inhteevrdie r tausta hlweliyyl l
havaep peeaelwrsheeedN.r o taerasett h bea ockfe acchha pwhteerrree l ecvlaanrti,f i­ J?�nn�H il(lTsh inMkaicnhgiC noersp orwaetrdieio snc)gu a srstiin­
catfiroot nhpser eseednitbt eiioinnng d ibcyaa tsetdei rnti htseek x t Eiatcishse lf. fichifaTelh. e oyf fearc eodn tbreatswtte reand ibtiiooltnohagalyt
thaus se lf-cpoinewtchaeeis:rno eemo deft hedmr aownt hsea mmea teIra istakhl e, cuolodn l'yga eh ta nodnlwe h altii fste'h roaungahl -ytsaiksi ng
readienrt'esr pirnedtualtgievnecf ea.cn teCsvju eulrrste tup rlailc ate- themselve_s
thaeryfeo reerrve conte'xbtrouworeadli'in sdeeadenp,dde ,r htahrpees p etwiitlilo ns thmagpsa troot b setrhcveoe m posoifct hiaorna ct-aenrtdih set ics
hatvheee f foefrc etp rosduubcsiitnwnaga n ytcshen a etvt earqk ueit thseea mfeo rm. possibaiflfiobtryicd eoesmd p ustimeurl Haetroienoca enn .s ynthesise
Ia mgr atteotf hupelu blicsohnecrefsrop nree rdm itsous simeoa nt ewrhiihaclah s varicohuasr actteoor bissettrhievecfe sf o efcc otm bitnhienmg.
appeairnte hde following.
Ast hsee cosnpde askaei'rdT :ha el chedmrieswatam'ts sh yaotu
Chap1t Searg Leo,n dCohna,n HguimnagRn ep rotdniuA:oc SociaSlc iePnecre­ .
spcetitvobe ee, d ibtyMe .dS a tcey mitxo g�eertt hrei gchotm binoafte iloenmsae nnsdtu sd dean ly
Chap2t TehrEe d itCoarmsb,r Aindtogpheoro gyl,1 41:- 1129,90 a;n Udn win creawtiuelrmlee roguoetf i atn tda wlikt yho uI.na s enwshea t
HymaLno,n dTohnVe,a loufte hsEe n teerC purlist-uTrheMe o ral we'droegi nniosto d iff'efrretonhmtab tu,it n stoefma idx ing
DebaetsdPe .,H eesal naPd.M orr19i9s1, �
Chatpe3r E dinbUunrigvheP rrseiTsthsAye,g oef t hCei teydA,s. C ohaennd togecthheemri wcea'lmrsie,x itnogg eptrhgroearm maensbd i otfs
K.Fuk[uipinr ess] informaanttdih soeon ui pass outph laitvi enssa icd oem puter.'
Charp tT4eh Eed itAours,t rFaelmiiSantnisu td 1i04e:-9s 6,91 ,99 8
Chap5t Reoru tlLeodngdeCo,on n,c eptSuoaclieie.dzAt i.yKn ,upg e 1r9,9 2 . Theirsse o metahbiontught e.is mea gyiw noarrltdhsaw to uld
Chap6t TehrEe d itNoerwL, i teHriasrt2yo2 r5:y8 ,1 -1690911, mteraes sotcs icaile Tnhtseip seta.-k eerxsp eirntt hsef iire- ld
Chap7t [enrpo rte vipouubslliys hed]
britnogg ecthhaerra coterpr riosptetiromct asikn eees mw o detlhsa t
Chap8t Reoru t,lL eodngdeCoonn,t empFourtauArrsyes so,c ioafSt oicoina l
AnthropMoolnooggisrseatrpesihd eS .s.W , a llm1a9n9,2 �ihlal� vp ropeorftt hieoeiwsrni ,n cltuhdceia npga fcoirrte yp lica­
MariSltyrna tMhaenrcnh,eM asyt1 e9r9,1 t1w0hni tcuhr tnhsei mn 'tlofi ofremo sfk' i an Adn.dt hwea tyh e
'
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Myg rattiovta urdipeou ubsl ibsohdfiionebrgse ianlgl otwore edp romdautceer ial
alreoarad byot uobt ei pnr iibnsat c kgtroto huliensb dte lIonaw d.d iItt ihoann,k
Artif/eii cfi al
thsoef acilwihtoha etlcodor,ns v aennoder/dot hrewiosreg antihosece cda sions
whimcahd meew ritthseece h apitnte hfreis pr lsattc heen:ia ermsa r gei voentn h e
tiptalgete oPs a rItI,saI n IdI I.
JanCeatr sitnetnei'rtnseh nseet kw i nshhabisep ea sn t imtuoml yut sh inking.
Ia loswoaec olldeectbtmotiy cv oel leitnah gDeue epsa rotSfm oceinAatnl t hropology
atM anchUensitrvesyerif otern agbm leti ont aakt ee rrme'sse laeraicvn1he 9 91,
anidnp artifcoTuril mla nrg oalndFd'r sa nPcienases 'ssi sDtiasnccuews.is tiho ns 'Yosut� airtatlh i vtihniagnn ygdo sut taarktii atnp gaa rnytdo sue e
AndrHeowl dhianvbgee eapn l eaasshu arbseee ,nr ecgec iovmimnefnrtoNsmi gel whapta r1httas as n hdo awl tlh epsaerf titsto geatnthdret yro derive
RappaonrEdtr iHcaai mes. somgee nerrianlco iftp hlleoe gsoi rcgaaln oifts haotpsiaeorI ntt s'.s
Manoyft h pea pweerrrese wo(rakCnehaddp t7ea rn8sdw rintw)ti etthhse p ecific �
inteorfaer setssep arrocjihenm citnI da :mg ratteotf hEuecl o noamniSdco c ial OKu pt oap 01bnutyto, tu a .k.iea.t p afrutr atnhadelo rlfa s udden
ReseCaorucnfhco tirhla e w a(rRdO O2O32 53f7oa)rne xplosrtayuti donTrthyoe yoduo nh'vatel iafnemy o rleis,feo orfst l tihprso yuogfiuhnr g ers.'
RepresoefKn itantsiihtohihn Cpe o ntoeftxh Ntee Rwe proedT ueccthinvoTlhoeg ies.
othmeerm boeftr hsre e setaeraacmrha e l repaaodrfytte h p reseenntte rapnrdi se, 'Ia_ns�n sweh aw�t' rweo rkoinin asgn a lteforrnmoa fbt ieo logy,
myg ratiisste uldfe- Ieanvd iddieJtneitao.nEn ed,tw ta'eris dn sv esthiagbvaeete ino ns ?eca1usts s eao o rmfti ghhatbv eebe ino lOonpgery o.b wliebtmih o logy
ani nspiSraartFairhoa nnf;ku lrinnmi esw hiemtdahn yi deEarsHi;ic r psacchme ed 1wse o nhlayov neee x amopfal nee a rhtahve ivnogl. v.We.ed 'u rsei ng
twrihetinhotscc w Mrhniea -ntlIiah cno epIhse ai bvanaenobl /tlaE aunndnrtFcg roerlmeo;aiasd nsPn coihryeefct h haibesse saesfu nhres eise ew eainsntd dhl y �h�c omptusoti emrui _mlaaigtneab riyo lwoogrialcndawdsles a"yw hat
if,a nwdec adnoe xpentmhewanottu rsle dab leil myp ratcodt oi cal
succlh arity.
RichPaurrdsp lroowav p erdo aecdtiiotvftoe hrb e e ksitn wdh,im lyte h atnok s ianr ebailo lsoygsitceaml. '
JeaAns htcoonn ttioan cuceu mKualraEetgnea .n haam sa gbneiesfnui pcpeonrtt
wheIhn a bveede ins tfrraocomtt ehtdeh ri Anngfdso .ar pe parnitont gom inodt her Thiisn tercthoaopnklg aeoc nea B rittieslhe vpirsoigorna mme
gapiswn h acto uhladvb ee eamn o raem pelnea ctto mfke isnnh,i tpIh aBnakr bara,
screientn hesedu mmoef1r 9 9(0W yv1e9r9 t0h)te;w Aom erican
Hugahn Adl an.
Apafrrtod mi ffeirnfe onoctensco otnivnegna tniwdoi nttshhe, ex cepotfi on speakCehrrLsia,sn g(tLoonAs l amNoast iLoanbaolr aatnodr y)
Chap1tfo erer d itroeraisatolhnp esa ,pa errpesr inhteevrdie r tausta hlweliyyl l
havaep peeaelwrsheeedN.r o taerasett h bea ockfe acchha pwhteerrree l ecvlaanrti,f i­ J?�nn�H il(lTsh inMkaicnhgiC noersp orwaetrdieio snc)gu a srstiin­
catfiroot nhpser eseednitbt eiioinnng d ibcyaa tsetdei rnti htseek x t Eiatcishse lf. fichifaTelh. e oyf fearc eodn tbreatswtte reand ibtiiooltnohagalyt
thaus se lf-cpoinewtchaeeis:rno eemo deft hedmr aownt hsea mmea teIra istakhl e, cuolodn l'yga eh ta nodnlwe h altii fste'h roaungahl -ytsaiksi ng
readienrt'esr pirnedtualtgievnecf ea.cn teCsvju eulrrste tup rlailc ate- themselve_s
thaeryfeo reerrve conte'xbtrouworeadli'in sdeeadenp,dde ,r htahrpees p etwiitlilo ns thmagpsa troot b setrhcveoe m posoifct hiaorna ct-aenrtdih set ics
hatvheee f foefrc etp rosduubcsiitnwnaga n ytcshen a etvt earqk ueit thseea mfeo rm. possibaiflfiobtryicd eoesmd p ustimeurl Haetroienoca enn .s ynthesise
Ia mgr atteotf hupelu blicsohnecrefsrop nree rdm itsous simeoa nt ewrhiihaclah s varicohuasr actteoor bissettrhievecfe sf o efcc otm bitnhienmg.
appeairnte hde following.
Ast hsee cosnpde askaei'rdT :ha el chedmrieswatam'ts sh yaotu
Chap1t Searg Leo,n dCohna,n HguimnagRn ep rotdniuA:oc SociaSlc iePnecre­ .
spcetitvobe ee, d ibtyMe .dS a tcey mitxo g�eertt hrei gchotm binoafte iloenmsae nnsdtu sd dean ly
Chap2t TehrEe d itCoarmsb,r Aindtogpheoro gyl,1 41:- 1129,90 a;n Udn win creawtiuelrmlee roguoetf i atn tda wlikt yho uI.na s enwshea t
HymaLno,n dTohnVe,a loufte hsEe n teerC purlist-uTrheMe o ral we'droegi nniosto d iff'efrretonhmtab tu,it n stoefma idx ing
DebaetsdPe .,H eesal naPd.M orr19i9s1, �
Chatpe3r E dinbUunrigvheP rrseiTsthsAye,g oef t hCei teydA,s. C ohaennd togecthheemri wcea'lmrsie,x itnogg eptrhgroearm maensbd i otfs
K.Fuk[uipinr ess] informaanttdih soeon ui pass outph laitvi enssa icd oem puter.'
Charp tT4eh Eed itAours,t rFaelmiiSantnisu td 1i04e:-9s 6,91 ,99 8
Chap5t Reoru tlLeodngdeCo,on n,c eptSuoaclieie.dzAt i.yKn ,upg e 1r9,9 2 . Theirsse o metahbiontught e.is mea gyiw noarrltdhsaw to uld
Chap6t TehrEe d itNoerwL, i teHriasrt2yo2 r5:y8 ,1 -1690911, mteraes sotcs icaile Tnhtseip seta.-k eexrps eirntt hsef iire- ld
Chap7t [enrpo rte vipouubslliys hed]
britnogg ecthhaerra coterpr riosptetiromct asikn eees mw o detlhsa t
Chap8t Reoru t,lL eodngdeCoonn,t empFourtauArrsyes so,c ioafSt oicoina l
AnthropMoolnooggisrseatrpesihd eS .s.W , a llm1a9n9,2 �ihlal� vp ropeorftt hieoeiwsrni ,n cltuhdceia npga fcoirrte yp lica­
MariSltyrna tMhaenrcnh,eM asyt1 e9r9,1 t1w0hni tcuhr tnhsei mn 'tlofi ofremo sfk' i an Adn.dt hwea tyh e
,
2 Reprodutchfieun tgu re Intrcotndi:uAo rtiflfiiec ial 3
exrptesde scwrihbateth eayrde o ihnagss i miplraorp etrhyte ies: bodibeutsth, ta hte arraees peocfmt asc hitnhefasut n cntoi on
britngoge tchoenrtc asen pidm agTehsed.yot hwihset nh eevyo ke diffefrreopnmat rlotyfts h heu mnab odeyv eansh umabneg isn
diffweorrel(ndttnsh e esw c ieinsbt oitlshit ak nend o lti tkhee maeym botdeyc hnodleovgiicceatslh ewmistTehhlioevnn ed eso .e s
alcheomrdi rsaotwnm) e tapthhtoca rosn vtehurent c omtmoto hne noitm itthaoett ehs emor u cahss e emidnegplolyruo syie tp sr inciples
comnm( oanailssye seioisrnd gr)ao wna naltohgsaipteeo slu alt orp arAtnes s.t abplairsaahllelrdeee lax diiystn th wsea tyh ree lna­tio
relati(obnesiihntni hgspe i tuoafat niaolndy eseiapnnegddr ee per shoifpb iolotgosi occlaiilaif ldse e scirnitb eerodmfa sc onsttr a
ilsi bkeei inntg hs ei tuoaftt aikosinon mge tahpiatnringtlo ltg h in betwweheainnts a taaulnr wdh aiatsr tifoirsc oicaiclao lnlsyt ructed.
ilse .fA tsa) ni magtiianvcaet itvihbisrt iyn,tg oigneigtvs he errb ally Thpea ralliilenkes il n sthhiipgn .Kk iinnsshytisepma snf da lmyi
summuepid tn h heyr ibidd tehaga itvi etnssa mteto h eeinrt erprise: sffucttturrieemsag ined.rraanSijJeiPC@faiiinec:initjsiumsittb autti ng
artifliicfiea.l basoenad n ldi tedreaplllpoyry ocienosgf6s 1eosf roegp1rcoafd ucifon:
Succho mbinaraneto istodo ni sf fferrowemhn aitpts r esdeanitleyd Whei lEuro-Ahmaevbreei ccoaamwneats rh epa atr tifcour]masr
iand verTthiedsyei pneognn.ab d a labnectewt ehseeyn n tthheasti s of arkriann geamrseepn etctsiop f airct iccuulltaaunsrrdo e cssi ,e tie
proedasun coveenlyta inttdh aen atlidyciaflf eroefen lteimaetnitosn anadr tiifnti hcsaeitna sileit t,s a kfeognrr anttheaedryt e h etroe
withwohuittc hhce o mbinwaotuilnodobn te v isiTbhlieon.fk dewailtt hhn ea tufraacoltfl s i Tfhee.ns aet ufraacaltrt seh ought
'intebluliilgfdeoiinrnnt gs 't,aaJ nacpeaa,nr ecsheid teescctr'isp tion ofb roaadsbl iyo laoolgr mi orecn arraosgw elnye Tthiiecd o.efa a
ofo ffbilcoeic Onks sa tkhane:e iwd weoar bkesc abuusiel adrien gs geneptaircef noitrn, s tbarinnctgeos,g ewthhaietksr n oawbno ut
nootte hrwtihsoeuo gfah sht a viinntge lOlriw gheaMntic tess.uh bii humhaenr eadnitdth fyea tchtaa r te latiieson ntsahsiiilpnfe coder,
dow itcho ncwehepntt sh deeys carnoi rbgea cna(ir'c o rlglayn ica Euro-Amieitrvs ii cratniusma pslosliytb otl aeol fkap arienan t
inspvierhei.dc.c al.ret ssh p aetr mfa osar ne xteonfys oiuowrni ll') humcaonn tweixtthe ovuotkt ihinedg oe fpa o tesnotcriieaalll a tions.
undtehrhe e ad'iCnrge aaslt ievdhi anrgrde w'1 Ta.h aed jectives Nowic fu lctounrseii enss ttsa bwlaiyossfbh reidni gdiefnarmgso
sumnma oni matghera etf teoarw sh odlief fweorreflnrmdto what diffdeormeantiton gse, tt hhneeenrcw o mbin-adteiloinboser r ate
wouoltdh ebreaw sissoecw iitaththpee r do diuqncu te satd iooamni,n no-tw inloljt u esxtt tehnmede anoifnt ghdseo masiojn usx ta­
ofi dset ahdaoten so' tn atubrealltoloniy tg'. posoendme;a ye xpaer iccto cehfeftteh csatht,i offet msp ihsa,s
Heraerd ee liberatoeft hfeecax itlfeiomntrasy ki ioannngsa logies dissoalnuadtn itoincsiw pibalotlui noocfnoefsn aer oefal iofnet o
thiacste nttocr uallt luiarfnaeyl w hIenrdeew.eh dac,tos ntitau tes anotAhnedwr h.ic luel itasuw roer olftd h iem aginiaitnts oi to n,
natuorrla olg diocamaiolnfi degaisva enis m aitgcseu ltsutrpaa.ml afa ntaosnwyeh opsoewr leiients h iem possoifrb eialliitsya tion.
Thiiessq uatlrolufyew haitts h iniknta ebrlmecs o mobfi nations Ont hceo ntirhtaa risytc ,so nstarnaidite nsft fsoe nch topswe pole
ansdy nth-eysoceuas tn e alc lut lubryew haitct a ann cda nnot acrte,aa cnctdo ncepwthuaiagtslo iiosnneag r outnhdei mit:ts h e
britnogg eTtahkaeenr .e xammk pilnes Ihfnsir opomp.ea rotfts h e wapye ople imagine things really are.
worilitdrs e gaarspd reodtp oee xrp raefsfseb cettiworenee lna tives Onmei gthhte,pon n,d ueproh no twot hianbkoe uxtp ertism en
thromuagkhip nagy mtetonh tesim ite;s x petchttaehtdea scet ivities being cioannr desuayclst ttehediamr st e gaarbsdo etadbh i ological
wiblell i nIknoe tdeh.pr a rotfts hw eo rclodm mearnkcdie n sahriep anad o scioanl-e whacto nstkiitnusfthoeEirsup r o-Amse.r ican
helsde pahreartteheo e;n aec ticvaintnbyoeex t p retshsreodu gh Id on orte fteosr c ieenxtpiefriicm ientne htn aatrirsooenewn , s
thoete hwr ithroauitqs uiensgat biootunhtseve iyrcr h araNcotwe r. thoiuwtga hs n tehteefod o rmurleagtuelu antdieornr swe sheiacrhc h
whaitts h inkwiatbrhle es pteokc itn shhaaisp p a rtiicnutlearre st onh uman reprodwuaacsct cievpteth lamaebat(dlt a eem roohinteagrl
ofi tosw n. thitnotg hsle)e gislateinoanci tntre heBdecr einPttarillsiyha ment.
Ihta bse cormoeu ttihnienlikytna h bpelo es t-indoufts hter ialisImm e aenx periinaml eanrstge enrDs eev.e loipnrm eepnrtosd uctive
lattwee ncteinett-uhor ray tl east pirEneu sreon-tAam2b elrei can medihcaivmneae d iept o sstioib nltee irntv hepenr eo croefa tion
med-itaom akpel waiyjt uhx taipmoasogifetn shgo e r gaannidc chilidnur nepnr ecewdaeyansnt,ude n dd ceorn diwthrieeot nhse
inorgWaean rinecotj . u ssutp pdto ots heitnhkma atc hairnleei sk e fuilmllp icactaionor. nlbslek y n otwhnr otuhogeuh t cooftm hee