Reporting discourse, tense, and cognition

305 Pages·2002·13.313 MB·English

by  Tomoko I Sakita

REPORTING DISCOURSE, TENSE, AND COGNITION
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REPORTING DISCOURSE, TENSE,
AND COGNITION
BY
TOMOKO I SAKITA
Institute for Language and Culture, Doshisha University
Kyoto, Japan

20O2
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First edition 2002
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Sakita, Tomoko I.
Reporting discourse, tense, and cognition
l.Discourse analysis 2.Grammar, Comparative and general -
Tense 3. Cognition 4. Sociolinguistics - Methodology
I .Title
306.4'4
ISBN 008044041X
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Sakita, Tomoko I.
Reporting discourse, tense, and cognition/by Tomoko I Sakita.--I st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-08-044041-X (alk. paper)
1. Grammar, Comparative and general--Indirect discourse. 2. Grammar, Comparative
and general--Tense. 3. Discourse analysis--Psychological aspects. 4. Language and
languages--Style. I. Title.
P301.5.I53 $25 2002
415--dc21
2002068371
ISBN: 0-08-044041-X
The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Printed in The Netherlands.
To my parents, Mikiko Sakita and Masahiro Sakita
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xi
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Reporting discourse 1
1.1.1. What is reporting discourse 1
1.1.2. Significance of reporting discourse 3
1.1.3. Working questions on reporting discourse 6
1.1.4. Narrative 7
1.2. Discourse perspectives 9
1.2.1. Reporting discourse and context 9
1.2.2. Discourse analysis 10
1.3. Overview of chapters 14
1.4. Data 18
Chapter 2. Review and Problems of Tense-Alternation Theories
2.0. Overview 19
2.1. Tense-alternation theories 20
2.1.1. Traditional theory of HP 20
2.1.2. Syntactic hypothesis 21
2.1.3. Timeless present 22
2.1.4. CHP alternation theory 23
2.1.5. Clause types and directions of switch 24
2.1.6. HP in the theory of consciousness 26
2.2. Problem: say/said alternation 27
2.2.1. Say as a special class of reporting verbs 27
2.2.2. No regularity in say~said alternation 28
2.2.3. Wolfson's hypotheses 29
2.2.3.1. 'Speech act hypothesis' 29
2.2.3.2. 'Single speaker continuity hypothesis' 30
2.2.3.3. 'Third-person story hypothesis' 31
2.2.3.4. 'Participant distinction hypothesis' 32
2.2. 3.5. 'Outside the tense system hypothesis' 34
2.2.3.6. 'Relative status hypothesis' 35
2.2.4. Johnstone's hypothesis 35
2.2.4.1. New relative status hypothesis 35
2.2.4.2. Problems with relative status hypothesis 39
2.3. Conclusions and directions for further research 41
Chapter 3. Cognitive Backgrounds of Tense-Alternation
3.0. Overview 43
3.1. Tense and person 44
3.1.1. Distribution in discourse 44
3.1.2. Personal deixis and tense forms 50
3.2. Interpretive processes of reporting 51
viii Contents
3.3. Cognitive Recollection Model (CRM) 54
3.3.1. Construals of perceived events 54
3.3.2. Construals of remembered events 54
3.3.2.1. Base 54
3.3.2.2. Recall of third-person interactions 58
3.3.2.3. Recall of self-involving interactions 61
3.4. Psychological involvement 67
3.5. Self-identity 69
3.5.1. Levels of narrative 70
3.5.2. Manipulations of 'footing' 71
3.5.3. 'Speak for yourself' rule in 'constructed dialogues' 73
3.5.4. Divided self 74
3.5.5. Cognitive monitoring theories 75
3.6. Backgrounds of prevalence of I says 76
3.7. Conclusion 78
Chapter 4. Tense and Attitudinal Contrast
4.0. Overview 81
4.1. Searching vs. resultative mode 82
4.1.1. Says vs. said in pair 82
4.1.2. Says vs. said in a single speaker's speech 85
4.1.3. Says, saying, say vs. said in a single speaker's speech 87
4.1.4. Summary of contrasts 88
4.2. Conflict vs. conflict-avoidance 89
4.2.1. Said vs. said shows conflict; says shows watching
the situation 89
4.2.2. Said shows challenge; says shows step-back 94
4.2.3. Said shows never-intimidated attitude; says shows step-back 99
4.2.4. Summary of contrasts 104
4.3. Weak vs. strong attitude 106
4.3.1. Degrees of assuredness in Idon't know 106
4.3.2. Degrees of firmness in negation and affirmation 109
4.3.3. De grees of upset in exclamation 110
4.3.4. Summary of contrasts 113
4.4. Conclusion 116
Chapter 5. Consciousness Flow, Discourse Acts, and Tense
5.0. Overview 119
5.1. Discourse organization units 120
5.2. Consciousness flow in discourse 123
5.3. Consciousness flow in narrative dialogues 124
5.3.1. Consciousness flowin exchanges 126
5.3.1.1. Adjacency pair 126
5.3.1.2. Three-part exchange 132
5.3.2. Consciousness flow over a series of remarks 133
5.3.2.1. In a single speaker's speech 133
5.3.2.2. Over a series of remarks 141
Contents ix
5.3.3. Consciousness flow in repetition of dialogue-introducers 150
5.3.3.1. Pre-posing double dialogue-introducers 150
5.3.3.2. Post-posing dialogue-introducers 151
5.3.3.3. At restatements 155
5.4. Conclusion 156
Chapter 6. Tense in Indirect Reporting Discourse
6.0. Overview 159
6.1. Treatments of tense in grammar 160
6.2. Pragmatic view 162
6.3. Declerck's hypothesis 163
6.4. Tense in discourse 165
6.4.1. Prevalence of speaker's viewpoint 165
6.4.2. Avoidance of the past perfect tense 170
6.4.3. Discourse functional use of the past perfect tense 172
6.4.4. Reporting clause as dialogue marker 174
6.5. Conclusion 181
Chapter 7. Reporting Discourse Style and Function
7.0. Overview 183
7.1. General characterizations of reporting discourse style and function 184
7.1.1. Theoretical backgrounds 184
7.1.2. Pragmatic studies 188
7.2. Reporting style and structure 191
7.2.0. Overview 191
7.2.1. Preliminary study 191
7.2.2. Experimental study 193
7.2.2.1. Method 193
7.2.2.2. Data analysis procedures 195
7.2.2.3. Results 195
7.2.3. Backgrounds of structural influence on style choice 202
7.2.4. Summary 204
7.3. Reporting fu nction and pattern 205
7.3.0. Overview 205
7.3.1. Method 206
7.3.2. Reporting discourse functions 206
7.3.2.1. Evidentiality 206
7.3.2.1.1. Disagreement and persuasion 207
7.3.2.1.2. Response 210
7.3.2.2. Foreground and background information 211
7.3.2.2.1. Showing climaxes or punch-lines 212
7.3.2.2.2. Exemplification and demonstration
of emotion 213
7.3.2.3. Dramatization 215
7.3.2.3.1. Dramatizing imaginary and
future events 216
7.3.2.3.2. Dramatizing archetypical events 221