Report on the Iowa twenty-five year conservation plan.

185 Pages·1933·12.81 MB·0\185

by  Jacob L. Olcott, George Wheeler, , Iowa State Board of Conservation. , Iowa. Crane

REPORT
ON
T H E I O W A
TWENTY-FIVE YEAR
CONSERVATION PLAN
Prepared for
THE IOWA BOARD OF CONSERVATION
and
THE IOWA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
by
Jacob L. Crane, Jr. — Consultant
George Wheeler Olcott ..Associate
1933
THE IOWA CONSERVATION PLAN
A plan and program for the wise human use of
Iowa’s natural resources.
Dedicated to the men and women whose dreams
and labor for true conservation in Iowa now approach
fulfillment.
“Let every citizen of Iowa catch and hold that
vision of the economy and the enrichment of human
living to be achieved only through state-wide, far­
sighted development plans. Not for too visionary,
but for too meager-minded planning shall we be held
to account.”
45487
FOREWORD
The present period, the second century in the development of Iowa, will see. not the dram*
of the occupation and exploitation of the state, but the processes of readjustment of human life
to the situation now found here. Governmental, social and economic structures will be nwdffifd
and rearranged to serve the needs of the citizenry. The utilization of resources, both material
and human, will be placed on a more rational basis. The physical environment will be trans­
formed from a condition of hasty, thoughtless destruction and upbuilding to a condition far
more thoughtfully and carefully created. The beginning of the new period, the post pioneer
era, is evident on all sides. Conservation planning is one important manifestation of this wide
movement. The trend is toward more fully "civilizing” all aspects of life, including not only
the refinement of organization and environment but also the recovery of a reasonable fwfenre
between man-made and nature-made elements in the environment.
We do not so soon forget the magnificence of the deep woods and unbroken prairies, nor
the fascination of contact with wild creatures, even though our main enterprise is to turn natural
resources to practical use. Hence, the planning here undertaken has two phases that dealing
with the sound, economic utilization of native resources and that dealing with the preservation
of natural features of interest and beauty. Conservation planning is aimed toward order and
social economy in the practical use of the land and its treasures, toward order and economy in
the process of refining the outdoor setting of Iowa life, toward order and economy in the state's
provision for public recreation, and toward the coordination of this work with all the other types
of activity which touch upon it. Economy for the taxpayer, good health and greater satisfac­
tion through outdoor recreation, and the creation of a distinguished and beautiful landscape
these purposes require conservation planning.
A brief review of what has taken place in rural Iowa thus far demonstrates the necessity
for planning these enterprises for the future: the waste of Iowa's greatest asset, the soil; the
unwise destruction of surface waters by drainage, pollution and silting; the heedless stripping
of woodlands; the almost wanton destruction of wild life; the irrational use of funds for recreation
in several forms; the patent failure to capitalize the state's fine potentialities all along the line.
Only coordinated planning can fit together these closely inter-related fields.
We believe that this report records the desire of the people of Iowa to exercise forethought
through planning. Their first interest just now is to avoid wasting available funds. By es­
tablishing a long-term schedule of development on which every dollar spent will be well spent,
an enormous economy is assured as compared with haphazard, uncorrelated conservation. The
Plan is a device to get the people’s money's worth in each phase of the work.
The people of Iowa have for twenty years dreamed of the recovery, development and wise
utilization of the woods, lands and waters from which the great wealth of the state is derived.
Every element of the Conservation Plan is set forth in response to a strong demand from thou­
sands or hundreds of thousands of citizens. This report is issued, therefore, to advise on the
manner in which the things they want may be crystallized into a feasible, economic program
which can be actually realized.
The fact that most Iowans desire for their state the developments which the Conservation
Plan includes has made it feasible to draw on assistance from hundreds of individuals and
organizations, official and otherwise. Without this help it would not have been possible to cover
the wide field of conservation within the limited time and funds available. Grateful acknowl­
edgement of this widespread assistance is hereby set down; and its utmost importance to the
project is recognized.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pact
FOREWORD... -................................................................ Vtl
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................... 1
CHAPTER I THE GENESIS OF THE CONSERVATION PLAN ....................... 13
Origin, Range and Limitations
CHAPTER II THE CONSERVATION PLAN SURVEY.................................... IS
Organization
The Field Covered
CHAPTER III THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND....................................... 21
In Geologic Time
Notes on Indian Life
The White Man’s Era
CHAPTER IV IOWA AND ITS PEOPLE ............................................... 29
The Land of Iowa
The Landscape
The Climate
The People of Iowa
Population Changes
Life in Iowa as Related to Conservation
CHAPTER V THE CONSERVATION OF IOWA’S SOIL...................................41
Soil Waste and Erosion
Importance of Erosion Control
Measures for Erosion Control
Administration of Erosion Control
CHAPTER VI THE CONSERVATION OF IOWA’S WATERS . .......................... 47
Underground Waters
Surface Waters
Conservation Problems and Measures
Improvement of State Lakes
Notes on Each State Lake
CHAPTER VII WOODLAND CONSERVATION IN IOWA 69
Value of Woodlands
Destructive Forces
The Preservation Problem
The Reforestation Problem
Woodland Conservation in the Plan
To Preserve Existing Woodlands
To Accomplish Reforestation
CHAPTER VIII THE CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE .................................... 81
Principles
Management
Incentive
Non-game Wild Life
Sanctuaries
CHAPTER IX THE CONSERVATION OF GAME ............................................87
Historical
Conservation Policy
Quail
IX
X TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER IX- Continued Page
Pheasants
Hungarian Partridge
Migratory Waterfowl
Miscellaneous Game
Commercial Trapping
Trends in Hunting and Fishing
CHAPTER X THE CONSERVATION OF IOWA’S FISHERIES RESOURCE.................103
Original Endowment
The Destruction of Fish Life
Compatibility of Human and Fish Interests
Restoration Measures
Relation to other Conservation Plans
Surveys and Research
Environmental Control
The Commercial Fishing Area
The Southern Fishing Area
Artificial Lakes
The Small-mouth Bass Area
The Trout Area
The Lake Fishing Area
Public Access to Lakes and Streams
CHAPTER XI STATE PRESERVES AND STATE PARKS.........................................119
The Past and Present Situations
Classification for Preserves and Parks
Present State Parks
Future State Parks
Description of State Parks
State Preserves
Sanctuaries
Federal Projects
Mississippi Bluffs
National Monument
CHAPTER XII THE HIGHWAYS......................................................................149
The Landscape
The Roadsides
Wild Life
Roadside Parks
Billboards, etc.
Scenic Highways
Trails
CHAPTER XIII RECAPITULATION—UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS............................... 159
Administrative Elements
Development Elements
Land and Cover Survey
State Planning
Control of Land Use
Sanitary Water Board
Cooperation with Federal Agencies
CHAPTER XIV FULFILLMENT OF THE CONSERVATION PLAN...............................165
Organization
Finance
Legislation
Public Support
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................175
CHARTS AND DRAWINGS REPRODUCED IN THIS REPORT*
Page
PLATE I MAP SHOWING ALL SITES RECOMMENDED ..........................*10
A total of 540 planned sites for the twenty-five year program.
PLATE II MAP SHOWING MAIN ROUTES OF TRAVEL ON CONSER
VATION SURVEY....................................................... IS
A total of 40,000 miles of driving and flying.
PLATE III MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE IN
SURVEY.................................................................. . 16
1200 questionnaires were used.
PLATE IV MAP SHOWING POINTS STUDIED IN SURVEY ___________________ 17
2000 points were examined.
PLATE V CHART ILLUSTRATING INTER RELATIONSHIP OF ELE­
MENTS OF CONSERVATION.......................................... IS
PLATE VI MAP SHOWING GLACIAL DRIFT AND LOESS AREAS ... .21
The glacial and loess deposits greatly affected the topography and
soil of the state.
PLATE VII MAP SHOWING MINERAL RESOURCES..................................22
Coal, Gypsum, Limestone, Clay, Sand and Gravel.
PLATE VIII MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF INDIAN VILLAGES AND
MOUNDS, PIONEER TRAILS, FORTS. AND EARLY
SETTLEMENTS ..........................................................25
PLATE IX IOWA IN 1843................................................................. 26
PLATE X MAP SHOWING COLONIES OF NATIONAL GROUPS BEFORE
1895........................................................................ 27
PLATE XI RANGE OF LAND VALUES IN THE UNITED STATES.................. 30
Iowa the largest high-value farm area.
PLATE XII MAP INDICATING THE VARIOUS TYPES OF IOWA LAND
SCAPE.....................................................................32
PLATE XIII CHART SHOWING CURVES OF POPULATION GROWTH FOR
THE UNITED STATES AND FOR IOWA .............................34
Iowa’s proportion of the total U. S. population.
PLATE XIV POPULATION DENSITY IN 1860 ........................................... 35
Only the Southeastern half of the state was settled.
PLATE XV POPULATION DENSITY IN 1930............................................ 36
Fairly even settlement over the entire state.
PLATE XVI COUNTIES LOSING OR GAINING POPULATION 1920 1930__________37
Nearly half lost, mostly in southern and eastern sections.
PLATE XVII POPULATION DENSITY BY COUNTIES FORECAST FOR 1970 38
Southern counties losing, industrial counties gaining.
PLATE XVIII TOTAL POPULATION OF COUNTIES FORECAST FOR 1970 39
Showing the influence of the larger towns.
PLATE XIX THE POPULATION OF THE LARGER TOWNS FORECAST
FOR 1970................................................................... 40
MMaannyy o tohtehr edrr adwrianwg*i naargesr et usbumbitmteidt tseedpa sraetpealyr.ately.
XI
XII CHARTS AND DRAWINGS
Page
PLATE XX MAP SHOWING AREAS OF MOST SERIOUS EROSION...................42
They coincide roughly with territories of deforestation and pasture
land.
PLATE XXI THE SOIL OF IOWA IS WASHING AWAY TO THE SEA .44
PLATE XXII MAP SHOWING SOURCES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY IN
IOWA..................................................................... 48
PLATE XXIII MAP SHOWING SEWAGE POLLUTION IN STREAMS AND
LAKES .....................................................................49
PLATE XXIV AN IOWA RIVER. BEFORE AND AFTER ......................52
PLATE XXV WATER AREAS IN HANCOCK COUNTY. 1873 AND 1933................ 53
PLATE XXVI WATER POWER DEVELOPMENT IN IOWA—1873. 1933 AND
POSSIBLE FUTURE SITES ............................................. 54
In 1873 there were some 500 water power dams, now about seventy.
PLATE XXVII MAP SHOWING THE STATE LAKES AND RECOMMENDED
ARTIFICIAL LAKES..................................................... 56
Lakes for improvement, drained lakes, water power ponds, etc.
PLATE XXVIII A HYPOTHETICAL LAKE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT..........57
Fishing. Waterfowl, Upland game, Wild life, State Preserve.
PLATE XXIX MAP SHOWING PLANNED POINTS OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO
LAKES AND STREAMS—254 POINTS................................ 68
PLATE XXX MAP SHOWING ORIGINAL AND PRESENT WOODLAND
AREAS. PRIVATE FOREST RESERVATIONS, SAWMILLS.. 70
PLATE XXXI THE LARGER EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION.......................... 71
PLATE XXXII MAP SHOWING MOST URGENT FOREST CONSERVATION
SITES...................................................................... 74
PLATE XXXIII SKETCH PLAN OF TYPICAL WOODLAND SURVEY......................75
PLATE XXXIV MAP SHOWING ORIGINAL AND PRESENT RANGE OF
NATIVE UPLAND GAME.............................................. 84
PLATE XXXV MAP SHOWING SITES RECOMMENDED FOR PERPETU­
ATING CERTAIN SPECIES OF WILD LIFE ...........................86
PLATE XXXVI THE PHEASANT ARMY IN ACTION.........................................88
PLATE XXXVII MAP SHOWING PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE RANGE OF
UPLAND GAME BIRDS. ............................................... 89
PLATE XXXVIII MAP SHOWING PLANNED PROJECTS FOR WATERFOWL
AND UPLAND GAME .................................................. 90
Refuges, nesting and winter feeding areas, public shooting grounds.
PLATE XXXIX EVERY CLASS LIKES TO FISH..............................................106
PLATE XL DRAWING OF ARTIFICIAL LAKE IN DAVIS COUNTY..................112
PLATE XLI MAP SHOWING THE FISHERIES SITUATION AND MAJOR
PROJECTS.................................................................. 113
Artificial lakes, rearing stations, lakes improvement, etc.
PLATE XLI I LOOKING FOR A STATE PRESERVE ....................................... 121
PLATE XLIII MAP SHOWING SOURCE OF ATTENDANCE AT CERTAIN
STATE PARKS 122
REPORT ON THE IOWA CONSERVATION PLAN XIII
P*«*
PLATE XLIV CHART SHOWING ACREAGE OF STATE PARKS IN SEVERAL
STATES........................................................ ........123
PLATE XLV MAP SHOWING CLASSIFICATION OF PRESENT STATE
PARKS ............... .........127
PLATE XLVI MAP SHOWING PLAN OF STATE PARKS ___ 1M
PLATE XLVII DRAWING OF LACEY-KEOSAUQUA STATE PARK SHOWING
PLANNED DEVELOPMENT ..........132
PLATE XLVIII MAP SHOWING PLAN OF STATE PRESERVES AND STATE
PARKS_____ _______________________________________ _______136
PLATE XLIX MAP SHOWING POINTS AVAILABLE FOR CITY AND COUNTY
PARKS......................... .............................. .........146
PLATE L THE BILLBOARD ALONG HIGHWAYS...................... .........1S1
PLATE LI ANOTHER COMMERCIALIZED HIGHWAY.............. ...... _______ 152
PLATE LII MAP SHOWING SCENIC HIGHWAY PLAN ROADSIDE
PARKS............ .........154
PLATE LI 11 DRAWING TO ILLUSTRATE COUNTY PLANNING ..........162
A development of conservation and state planning.
A SUMMARY OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS
ON
THE IOWA CONSERVATION PLAN
State government in Iowa, as in the other states, was organized to meet
those needs of the people which cannot be satisfactorily fulfilled by private or
local initiative. And the functions of the state have broadened and will con­
tinue to broaden with the increasing complexity of civilized living.
First of all government itself was set up, with its executive, legislative and
judicial branches; local power was delegated to the state’s political subdivisions:
counties, townships and municipalities. And public regulation of private activity
has been expanded to give greater protection and security for the common wel­
fare. The educational system follows, a second great enterprise of the people ex­
pressing their will through the state government and through its locally created
authorities. Within that system there have grown up the numerous agencies for
scientific research and for technical aid on a wide range of problems which indi­
viduals cannot solve alone. Again, the responsibility for the care of defectives
and of certain classes of dependents is assumed by the state, the agent of the
citizens, in its establishment of state institutions. Likewise, the study and pro­
motion of public health is taken on by a branch of the state government, in recog­
nition of the state-wide nature of the measures required. For the construction of
a system of public highways a state commission is given authority to act for the
counties; and this huge project now approaches the end of its first phase, the
building of the pavement slabs on the primary routes.
During the past twenty years, another function of the commonwealth has
taken form. This is the task of providing several types of public recreation which
it is not feasible for other agencies to provide—fishing and hunting and state
parks. Two subsidiaries of the state government have been established for this
purpose, the Board of Conservation and the Fish and Game Commission. The
whole project of providing public recreation for ALL the people of Iowa now
stands in the same class of importance as the other great state enterprises, public
law and order, public education, public health, and public highways.
But the desires of the people for state-wide recreation are at present far from
satisfied. From a great deal of evidence it is clear that the citizens of Iowa are
clamoring for more and better recreation facilities. The available hunting and
fishing falls far short of the demand. The present system of state parks fails to
meet the requirements, as clearly expressed by the people, for the preservation
of beautiful places, for the protection of wild life, for the enrichment of the land­
scape, and for active recreation such as swimming and boating, picnicking, camp­
ing, vacationing, etc. The Iowa Conservation Plan, then, begins as a project to
map out a program for the economical and orderly satisfaction of these demands.
i