Report of the hundredth round table on transport economics : held in Paris on 2nd-3rd June 1994 on the following topic : transport economics, past trends and future prospects

269 Pages·1995·3.126 MB·English

by  OECD

ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE
4
m_m
PAST TRENDS
AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT
PARIS 1995
ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE
REPORT OF THE
HUNDREDTH ROUND TABLE
ON TRANSPORT ECONOMICS
held in Paris on 2nd-3rd June 1994
on the following topic:
TRANSPORT ECONOMICS:
PAST TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT
THEEUROPEAN CONFERENCE
OF MINISTERS OFTRANSPORT (ECMT)
The European Conference ofMinisters ofTransport (ECMT) is an inter-governmental
organisationestablishedbyaProtocolsignedinBrusselson17thOctober1953.TheCouncilof
the Conference comprises the Ministers ofTransportof31 European,countries.1 The workof
theCouncilofMinistersispreparedbyaCommitteeofDeputies.
ThepurposesoftheConferenceare:
a) totakewhatevermeasuresmaybenecessarytoachieve,atgeneralorregionallevel,
the most efficient use and rational development ofEuropean inland transport of
internationalimportance;
b) to co-ordinate and promote the activities ofinternational organisations concerned
with European inland transport, taking into account the work of supranational
authoritiesinthisfield.
The mattersgenerally studied by ECMT-and on which the Ministers take decisions-
include: the general lines oftransport policy; investment in the sector; infrastructural needs;
specific aspects ofthe development ofrail, road and inland waterways transport; combined
transportissues;urbantravel;roadsafetyandtrafficrules,signsandsignals;accesstotransport
forpeoplewithmobilityproblems.Othersubjectsnowbeingexaminedindepthare: thefuture
applications ofnew technologies, protection ofthe environment, and the integration ofthe
Central and Eastern European countries in the European transportmarket. Statistical analyses
of trends in traffic and investment are published each year, thus throwing light on the
prevailingeconomicsituation.
TheECMTorganisesRoundTablesand Symposia.Theirconclusionsareconsideredby
thecompetentorgansofthe Conference, undertheauthorityoftheCommitteeofDeputies,so
thatthelattermayformulateproposalsforpolicydecisionstobesubmittedtotheMinisters.
The ECMT Documentation Centre maintains the TRANSDOC database, which is
availableonCD-ROMoraccessibleviathetelecommunicationsnetwork.
For administrative purposes, the ECMT Secretariat is attached to the Secretariat ofthe
OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).
1. Austria,Belgium,Bosnia-Herzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,theCzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,
Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Moldova,theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,
theSlovakRepublic,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TurkeyandtheUnitedKingdom.(AssociateMembercountries:Australia,
Canada,Japan,NewZealand,theRussianFederationandtheUnitedStates.Observercountries:Albania,Armenia,Belarus,Georgia
andMorocco.)
Publieenfrancaissouslelitre:
PROSPECnVESETRETROSPECTIVESDESRECHERCHESENECONOMIEDESTRANSPORTS
©ECMT,1995
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Applicationforpermissiontoreproduceortranslateallorpart
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SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
THE USE OF RESEARCH IN SHAPING STRATEGIES
FOR TRANSPORT POLICIES (cid:9) 7
(P. Cerwenka - B. Holmberg - A. Bonnafous - G. Dobias -
A. Ekstrom - K. Ostmoe - F. La Saponara)
II. UNRESOLVED ISSUES OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE
FOR TRANSPORT POLICY (cid:9) 39
(H. Seidenfus - D. Bayliss - C. Kaspar - J. Penissard -
C. Reynaud)
III. THE SPECIFIC SITUATION OF COUNTRIES IN
TRANSITION TOWARDS A MARKET ECONOMY (cid:9) 59
(K. Tanczos - A. Timar - L. Dorozik - L. Rafalski)
IV. GROWTH OF MOBILITY -- TRANSPORT MODES -
TRANSPORT POLICY (cid:9) 77
(W. Brog - H. Baum - A. Baanders - J.M. Viegas -
J.H. Rickard - G. Aberle - S. Rommerskirchen)
V. THE ENVIRONMENT -- EXTERNAL EFFECTS - PRICES . . 101
(W. Rothengatter - S. Barrett - J.P. Baumgartner -
E. Quinet - P. Faller)
VI. PRIORITY INFRASTRUCTURE IN EUROPE AND
ITS FUNDING (cid:9) 119
(H. Stabenau - B. Gerardin - M. Walrave)
VII. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRANSPORT AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (cid:9) 131
(P.O. Pedersen - Y. Candemir - E. Jacobs)
VIII. POTENTIAL AND EFFECTIVE INTERMODAL
COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE PASSENGER AND
FREIGHT SECTORS (cid:9) 143
(A. Lopez Pita - M. Ruscher - H. Salmivaara)
IX. NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND OTHER INNOVATIONS
(INFORMATION, INFRASTRUCTURE, ORGANISATION,
ETC.) (cid:9) 157
(J. Simons - G. Giannopoulos - J. Crowley - M. Campos -
L. Van den Berg)
X. ANALYTICAL TOOLS: MODELS, EVALUATION, ETC. ... 183
(P. Mackie - J. R0rbech - M. Ponti - G. Blauwens -
K.J. Richter)
XI. EDUCATION IN THE SPHERE OF TRANSPORT:
WHAT IS TO BE RETAINED FROM THE PAST? (cid:9) 203
(C. Delepiere-Dramais - R. Izquierdo - W. Winkelmans)
CONCLUSIONS OF THE CHAIRMAN (P.B. Goodwin) (cid:9) 217
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS (B. Molin) (cid:9) 225
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (cid:9) 253
INTRODUCTION
There is quite clearly no need to clarify the purpose ofthis Round Table but,
as evidenced by the various submissions set out in the following pages, its appeal
has prompted those attending to describe the diversity of approaches and
perspectives offered by applied analysis in the transport sector, and to do so not
only in terms of "pure" economics, if indeed such a discipline exists.
However, the ECMT Secretariat thought it advisable to present these
submissions to Round Table 100 in an arbitrary order, since it was necessary both
to single out the main points made in each submission and then group them in
different chapters whose content would be acceptably homogeneous. This
question of acceptability or, more precisely, due consideration for what the
authors are essentially saying, is a most exacting requirement but has had to be
met for purposes of "summarising" or "identifying" the key ideas in each
submission. What the Secretariat has done in this respect could no doubt be
improved upon; each author is therefore asked to accept its apologies for any
shortcomings. In any event, the Secretariat hopes that the heading it has provided
for each submission highlights the key ideas so as to present the range of each
author's thought reasonably well.
The Secretariat, in reading the submissions, is also prompted to point out
simply that:
There is no desire whatsoever to encapsulate the findings of transport
research in paradigmatic form, since reality is most exacting;
The economic approach does not seek to preclude the policy issues but,
on the contrary, specifically aims to include them for ethical reasons
rather than simply to embrace all the implications that theoretical
analysis suggests. However, should not due consideration be given to
such analysis?
Ifpolicymakers themselves were to proceed in the same way with reference
to their own action they might also find cause to express doubts and seek
"knowledge" in the light of a recognition of the difficulty of the "action" itself.
It is to be hoped that these few comments will not deter the reader from going
any further.
I. THE USE OF RESEARCH IN SHAPING
STRATEGIES FOR TRANSPORT POLICIES

INDIRECT USE OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS - IMPLICATIONS FOR
TRANSPORT POLICY
Peter CERWENKA
Institut fiir Verkehrssystemplanung
Technische Universitat Wien
Austria
1. Introduction
Since the first RoundTable in 1968, thatis overthe lastquarterofacentury,
extremely high growth in transport demand has led to heavy consumption of
resources comprising:
~ On the input side,
land for transport infrastructure,
raw materials for rolling stock and
non-renewable fuels;
~ On the output side,
the integrity of human life and
environmental goods.
Since this consumption of resources is not sufficiently offset by any
regenerative or, as we now say, sustainable benefits, we are living off our basic
assets, which as we all know cannot go on for any length of time.
In the course of this process, words identical in meaning have been
continually coined to obscure the fact that the problem as such remained
unsolved. The transformation ofthe English word from "small" into "soft" then
"light" and finally "lean" may serve as a prototype to illustrate this development
in which the message is quite simply: we are over-eating and must lose weight
before it is too late.