Reorienting the Manchus: A Study of Sinicization, 1583–1795

372 Pages·2011·42.113 MB·English

by  Pei Huang

Reorienting the Manchus
A Study of Sinicization, 1583-1795
PEI HUANG
©
East Asia Program
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14853
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Number 152 in the Cornell East Asia Series
Consulting Editor: Doug Merwin
Copyright ©2011 by Pei Huang. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 1050-2955
ISBN: 978-1-933947-22-8 he
ISBN： 978-1-933947-52-5 pb
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Contents
Qing Reign Periods ix
List of Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches xi
List of Illustrations and Translated Poems xiii
List of Maps and Tables xv
Explanatory Note xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction i
1. Iheme and Approach 2
2. Contents and Sources. 12
Chapter I The Ancestry and Ethnic Composition of the Manchus 31
1. Manchuria: Its Geography and Early Inhabitants 31
2. The Role of the Jurchens 36
3. Components 44
Chapter II Hie Founding of the Qing Dynasty 67
1. The Rise of Nurhaci 67
2. Hong Taiji's Leadership 75
3・ Takeover 80
Chapter III Economic Forces 97
l The Influence of Geography 97
2. The Agricultural Effect 100
3. Frontier Markets 104
4. Tributary Relations 113
v
Chapter IV Frontiersmen and Transfrontiersmen 127
1. Frontier Society of Liaodong 127
2. Frontiersmen 36
丄
3. Transfrontiersmen 145
Chapter V The Rise of Administrative and Legal Institutions 173
l Administrative Machinery 挚 174
2. Legal Institutions 186
Chapter VI Transformation of Social Institutions 205
1. Changes in the Family and Customs 205
2. Decline of Manchu Martial Values 213
Chapter VII Manchu Language and Literature 231
1. Language 232
2. Literature 242
Chapter VIII Architecture, Religion, and Confucianism 263
1. Architecture 264
2, Religion 272
3. Confucianism 278
Conclusion 295
Glossary 313
Bibliography 325
Index 363
vi
Dedicated to the Memory of
Ssu-yu Teng (1905-1988)
University Professor Emeritus cf History
Indiana University—Bloomington, IN
Qing Reign Periods
i. The Frontier State, 1616-1626
Nurhachi Tianming, 1616-1626
HongTaiji Tiancong, 1627-1636
Chongde, 1636-1643
2. The Qing Dynasty
Shunzhi 1644-1661
Kangxi 1662-1722
Ybngzheng 1723-1735
Qianlong 1736-1795
Jiaqing 1796-1820
Daoguang 1821-1850
Xianfeng 1851-1861
Ibngzhi 1862-1874
Guangxu 1875-1908
Xuangtong 1909-1912
ix
List of Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches
Chinese and Korean Veritable Records counted days by combining the
Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches. Data from these records are
cited in the endnotes with such combined elements, known as cyclical
characters.
L Ten Heavenly Stems
Chinese 甲 乙丙 T 戊 己 庚 辛 壬 癸
Romanization jia yi bing ding wu ji geng xin ren gui
Korean kap pydng chdng; mu ki ky6ng sin im kye
Romainzation
2. Twelve Earthly Branches
Chinese 子 丑 寅 卯 辰 巳午 未 申 酉 戌 亥
Romanization. zi chou yin Mao chen si wu wei shen you XU hai
Korean cha cKuk in Myo chin sa o mi sin yu sul hae
Romanization.
xi
3. Selected Cyclical Characters Containing the First Five S*tems
Chinese 甲子 乙丑 丙午 丁卯 戊戌
Romanization jiazi yichou bingwu dingmao wuxu
Korean kapcha ulchuk Pyongo chongmyo musul
Romanization
*For a phonetical reason such Korean cyclical characters as 乙亥 and 丙子 should be
romanized as urhae and pyongja, instead of ulhae and p^igcha.
4. Selected Cyclical Characters Containing the Last Five Stems
己未 庚寅 辛亥 壬酉 癸巳
Chinese jiwei gengyin xinhai renyou guisi
Romanization
Korean kimi K/6ngin Sinhae imyu kyesa
Romanization
xii
List of Illustrations and Translated Poems
A. Illustrations
1. Manchu Translation of the Mencius 237
2. Ybngzherfs Handwriting 245
3. Shenyang Palace: Phoenix Hall 268
4. Shenyang Palace: Hall of Great Administration 270
Map 1. Physical Characteristics of the Northeast 34
Map 2. The Jurchens before the Rise of Nurhaci 43
Map 3. Major Battle Sites 77
Map 4. Sites of Ming Frontier Markets 105
Map 5. Jurchen-Manchu Capitals 266
B. Translated Poems
1. The Yellow River—by Omutu 247
2. Painting Chrysanthemums—by Yun-duan 249
3. Recording the Words of the Warriors—by Singde 250
4. The Single-tree Temple—by Canghai 251
5. Poem in Retirement—by Sungsan 251
xiii
List of Maps and Tables
A. Maps
l Physical Characteristics of the Northeast 34
2. Jurchens Before the Rise ofNurhad 43
3. Major Battle Sites 77
4. Sites of Ming Frontier Markets 105
5. Jurchen-Manchu Capitals 266
B. Tables
1. Clans with Cross-Border Settlements 46
2. Statistics of Jurchen Traders in the Frontier Markets 107
3. Tributary Missions Led by Nurhaci, 1590-1615 116
4. Select Centers of Jurchen Settlements 135
5. Chinese Enclaves among Jurchen Settlements 147
6. Average Marrying Age of Princesses, 1583-1795 206
7. Average Marriage Age of Princesses of Three Imperial
Branches, 1630S-1810S 207
8. Statistics of Hunting Trips by Qing Emperors, 1644-1820 220
9. Nurhacfs Capitals, 1587-1644 265
10. Statistics of Chaste Manchu Widows, 1644-1795 284
11. Statistics of Chaste Manchu Widows, 1627-1795 285
xv