Renewable Power and Energy, Volume II: Wind and Thermal Systems

140 Pages·2018·6.597 MB·English

by  Gary D. Price

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Wind and Thermal Systems, Volume II
ENGINEERING
Hemchandra M. Shertukde, Editor
LIBRARY
Gary D. Price
Create your own
Wind and thermal power systems are becoming a signifi cant
Customized Content
source of energy in our energy resource mix today. It is essential
Bundle—the more
these systems are reliable, safe and secure. Precise engineering
books you buy,
design is required to insure these new power systems meet
the greater your
these requirements. In particular, interconnected systems with Renewable Power
discount! existing utility power systems must operate in synchronism and
improve overall quality of the electrical power grid.
THE CONTENT
This textbook is intended to identify and explain engineering and Energy
• Manufacturing procedures for the design and operation of renewable energy
Engineering systems. The fi rst chapters include a review of conventional R
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• Mechanical electrical power systems as implemented in the United n
& Chemical States and common to all electrical systems throughout the ew Wind and Thermal
Engineering world. Several other types of renewable energy systems are ab
• Materials Science introduced. The heart of the textbook is focused on the design le
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& Engineering of interconnected and stand-alone wind and thermal systems. Po
• Civil & Battery storage is becoming an integral part of renewables, w
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Environmental and a signifi cant portion of the textbook is dedicated to energy r

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THE TERMS ,
Gary D. Price is an affi liate professor at the Metro State V
• Perpetual access for University of Denver. He teaches a renewable energy course for o
lu
a one time fee the electrical engineering technology (EET) department. Gary m
• No subscriptions or also owns Sunnyside Solar, a renewable energy company that e
I
access fees designs and installs solar electric systems for residential and I
• Unlimited commercial customers. Gary holds a BS degree in electrical
concurrent usage engineering from North Dakota State University, an MS degree
• Downloadable PDFs in electrical power engineering from the University of Colorado,
• Free MARC records and an MBA degree in fi nance from the University of Denver.
He also is currently registered as a professional engineer in Gary D. Price
For further information, Colorado and is certifi ed as a professional solar installer by the
a free trial, or to order,
North American Board of Certifi ed Energy Practitioners. Gary
contact: 
lives and works in Louisville, Colorado.
[email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-94708-388-2
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MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK
Renewable Power and Energy: Wind and Thermal Systems, Volume II
Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2018.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for
brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
First published by Momentum Press®, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017
www.momentumpress.net
ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-388-2 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-389-9 (e-book)
Momentum Press Electrical Power Collection
Collection ISSN: 2376-4864 (print)
Collection ISSN: 2376-4880 (electronic)
Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd.,
Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
a
bSTracT
Wind and thermal power systems are becoming a significant source of
energy in our energy resource mix today. It is essential these systems are
reliable, safe, and secure. Precise engineering design is required to insure
these new power systems meet these requirements. In particular, inter-
connected systems with existing utility power systems must operate in
synchronism and improve overall quality of the electrical power grid.
This textbook is intended to identify and explain engineering pro-
cedures for the design and operation of renewable energy systems. The
first chapters include a review of conventional electrical power systems
as implemented in the United States and common to all electrical systems
throughout the world. Several other types of renewable energy systems
are introduced. The heart of the textbook is focused on the design of inter-
connected and stand-alone wind and thermal systems. Battery storage is
becoming an integral part of renewables, and a significant portion of the
textbook is dedicated to energy storage for stand-alone and back-up power
systems. Economics considerations are included as an essential part of the
engineering design process.
KeyWords
batteries, electric power systems, energy storage, energy, engineering eco-
nomics, generators, induction motor, inverters, lithium-ion, net-metering,
power factor, power, probability distribution, renewable, solar, synchro-
nous machine, thermal, transfer fluid, wind turbine

c
onTenTS
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Preface xiii
1 Conventional Electric Power Systems 1
1.1 Power Engineering Concepts and Terminology 1
1.2 Electric Power System Design 6
1.3 Electric Power Analysis 9
1.4 Three-Phase Power Systems 17
1.5 Problems 22
2 Renewable Energy Technologies 25
3 The Wind Resource 31
3.1 Wind Speed Assessments 31
3.2 Wind Power Calculation 32
3.3 Wind Speed Prediction Techniques 34
3.4 Wind Speed Measurement 39
3.5 Problems 41
4 Wind Generator Systems 43
4.1 Wind Power System Components 43
4.2 Electric Motors and Generators 47
4.3 Wind Turbine Rating 54
4.4 WTG Speed Control Systems 57
4.5 Wind Turbine Installation 59
4.6 Problems 60
5 Energy Storage and Standalone Wind Systems 61
5.1 Batteries 62
5.2 Charge and Discharge Efficiency of Batteries 66
5.3 Other Storage Mediums 68
viii •  Contents
5.4 Standalone System Design 71
5.5 Problems 79
6 Economics 81
6.1 Simple Payback 81
6.2 Advanced BreakEven Analysis 82
6.3 Return on Investment 85
6.4 Levelized Cost of Energy 86
6.5 Other Economic Evaluation Methods 89
6.6 Problems 90
7 Solar Thermal Systems 91
7.1 Domestic Hot Water 91
7.2 Solar Thermal Space-Heating Systems 95
7.3 Electric Generation Using Solar Thermal Systems 97
7.4 Ground Source Heat Pumps 99
7.5 Problems 99
Appendix A: Glossary 101
Appendix B: Colorado Net Metering Rules 111
Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations 113
Appendix D: Table of Conversions 115
About the Author 117
Index 119
l f
iST of igureS
Figure 1.1. Conventional power system one-line diagram. 6
Figure 1.2. AC voltage waveform. 10
Figure 1.3. Phasor representation of voltage. 10
Figure 1.4. Rectangular representation of voltage. 11
Figure 1.5. Rectangular representation of impedance. 11
Figure 1.6. Time representation of current. 12
Figure 1.7. Time representation of voltage and lagging current. 12
Figure 1.8. Time representation of power. 12
Figure 1.9. The power triangle. 14
Figure 1.10. Three-phase system diagram. 17
Figure 1.11. Three-phase waveforms. 18
Figure 1.12. Voltage phasor diagram. 18
Figure 1.13. Current phasor diagram. 18
Figure 1.14. Line-to-line voltage. 19
Figure 1.15. Three-phase line-to-line voltages. 19
Figure 1.16. Power triangle. 20
Figure 1.17. Delta connection. 21
Figure 1.18. Equivalent circuit. 21
Figure 2.1. Hydroelectric facility. 26
Figure 2.2. Solar thermal plant. 27
Figure 2.3. Wind turbine generator at the National Wind Test Center. 28
Figure 2.4. Geothermal plant. 29
Figure 2.5. Remote standalone PV system. 30
Figure 2.6. Residential PV system. 30
Figure 3.1. Weibull distribution and shape parameter (k). 35