Renewable power and energy: photovoltaic systems. Volume I

184 Pages·2018·9.076 MB·English

by  Gary D. Price

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Hemchandra M. Shertukde, Editor
LIBRARY
Gary D. Price
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Photovoltaic power systems are becoming a signifi cant source
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of energy in our energy resource mix today. It is essential these
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design is required to insure these new power systems meet
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these requirements. In particular, interconnected systems with Renewable Power
discount! existing utility power systems must operate in synchronism and
improve overall quality of the electrical power grid.
THE CONTENT
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THE TERMS
Gary D. Price is an affi liate professor at the Metro State y
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• Perpetual access for University of Denver. He teaches a renewable energy course for V
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a one time fee the electrical engineering technology (EET) department. Gary lu
• No subscriptions or also owns Sunnyside Solar, a renewable energy company that m
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access fees designs and installs solar electric systems for residential and
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• Unlimited commercial customers. Gary holds a BS degree in electrical
concurrent usage engineering from North Dakota State University, an MS degree
• Downloadable PDFs in electrical power engineering from the University of Colorado,
• Free MARC records and an MBA degree in fi nance from the University of Denver.
He also is currently registered as a professional engineer in Gary D. Price
For further information, Colorado and is certifi ed as a professional solar installer by the
a free trial, or to order,
North American Board of Certifi ed Energy Practitioners. Gary
contact: 
lives and works in Louisville, Colorado.
[email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-94708-386-8
Renewable
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MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK
Renewable Power and Energy: Photovoltaic Systems, Volume I
Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2018.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for
brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
First published by Momentum Press®, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017
www.momentumpress.net
ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-386-8 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-387-5 (e-book)
Momentum Press Electrical Power Collection
Collection ISSN: 2376-4864 (print)
Collection ISSN: 2376-4880 (electronic)
Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd.,
Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
a
bStract
Photovoltaic power systems are becoming a significant source of energy
in our energy resource mix today. It is essential these systems are reliable,
safe and secure. Precise engineering design is required to insure these new
power systems meet these requirements. In particular, interconnected sys-
tems with existing utility power systems must operate in synchronism and
improve overall quality of the electrical power grid.
This textbook is intended to identify and explain engineering pro-
cedures for the design and operation of photovoltaic systems. The first
chapters include a review of conventional electrical power systems as
implemented in the United States and common to all electrical systems
throughout the world. Other types of renewable energy systems are also
introduced. The heart of the textbook is focused on the design of inter-
connected and stand-alone PV systems. Battery storage is becoming an
integral part of PV systems, and a significant portion of the textbook is
dedicated to energy storage for stand-alone and back-up power systems.
Economics and structural considerations are included as an essential part
of the engineering design process.
KeyWords
batteries, electric power systems, energy, engineering economics, inso-
lation, inverters, lithium-ion, micro-inverters, module-level electronics,
optimizer, photovoltaic, power factor, power, renewable, shade analysis,
solar, sun path

c
ontentS
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Preface xv
1 Conventional Electric Power Systems 1
1.1 Power Engineering Concepts and Terminology 1
1.2 Electric Power System Design 6
1.3 Electric Power Analysis 9
1.4 Three-Phase Power Systems 16
1.5 Problems 22
2 Renewable Energy Technologies 25
3 The Solar Resource 33
3.1 The Geometry of Solar Radiation 33
3.2 Solar Irradiance and Irradiation 35
3.3 Shading Analysis 41
3.4 Magnetic Declination 43
3.5 Array Orientation 44
3.6 Site Analysis 46
3.7 Problems 49
4 Interconnected Photovoltaic Systems 51
4.1 Inverters 52
4.2 PV Cells 58
4.3 PV Modules 63
4.4 PV Arrays 68
4.5 PV Array Design 69
4.6 Wiring Methods 73
4.7 PV Array Design with Micro-Inverters 77
4.8 Example Problem 79
4.9 Optimizers 81
viii •  Contents
4.10 Electric Code Requirements for PV Systems 82
4.11 Problems 84
5 Energy Storage and Standalone Systems 87
5.1 Batteries 88
5.2 Charge and Discharge Efficiency of Batteries 92
5.3 Other Storage Mediums 94
5.4 Standalone System Design 97
5.5 AC- and DC-Coupled Systems 102
5.6 Example Problem 5.1 104
5.7 Problems 106
6 Economics: Breakeven and Return on Investment 107
6.1 Simple Payback 107
6.2 Advanced Breakeven Analysis 108
6.3 Return on Investment 111
6.4 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) 111
6.5 Other Economic Evaluation Methods 114
6.6 Problems 115
7 Structural Considerations for Photovoltaic Arrays 117
7.1 Research Building Codes 118
7.2 Design Procedure 118
7.3 Other Installation Considerations 124
7.4 Problems 128
Appendix A: Shade Analysis Programs 129
Appendix B: Glossary 133
Appendix C: Colorado Net Metering Rules 151
Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations 153
Appendix E: Table of Conversions 155
Appendix F: Solar Chart for 40° NL 157
About the Author 159
Index 161
l f
iSt of igureS
Figure 1.1. Conventional power system one-line diagram. 6
Figure 1.2. AC voltage waveform. 10
Figure 1.3. Phasor representation of voltage. 10
Figure 1.4. Rectangular representation of voltage. 11
Figure 1.5. Rectangular representation of impedance. 11
Figure 1.6. Time representation of current. 12
Figure 1.7. Time representation of voltage and lagging current. 12
Figure 1.8. Time representation of power. 12
Figure 1.9. The power triangle. 14
Figure 1.10. Three-phase system diagram. 17
Figure 1.11. Three-phase waveforms. 18
Figure 1.12. Voltage phasor diagram. 18
Figure 1.13. Current phasor diagram. 18
Figure 1.14. Line-to-line voltage. 19
Figure 1.15. Three-phase line-to-line voltages. 19
Figure 1.16. Power triangle. 20
Figure 1.17. Delta connection. 21
Figure 1.18. Equivalent circuit. 21
Figure 2.1. Hydroelectric facility. 26
Figure 2.2. Solar thermal plant. 27
Figure 2.3. Wind turbine generator at the National Wind
Test Center. 28
Figure 2.4. Geothermal plant. 29
Figure 2.5. Remote standalone PV system. 30
Figure 2.6. Residential PV system. 31