Table Of Content

Renewable Fuels Focusing on a critical aspect of the future clean energy system – renewable fuels – this book will be your complete guide on how these fuels are manufactured, the consid- erations associated with utilizing them, and their real-world applications. Written by experts across the field, the book presents professional perspectives, providing an in-depth understanding of this crucial topic. Clearly explained and organized into four parts, this book explores the technical aspects written in an accessible way. Part I dis- cusses the dominant energy conversion approaches and the impact that fuel properties have on system operability. Part II outlines the chemical carrier options available for these conversion devices, including gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels. Part III describes the physics and chemistry of combustion, revealing the issues associated with utilizing these fuels. Finally, Part IV presents real-world case studies, demonstrating the successful pathways toward a net-zero carbon future. Dr. Jacqueline O’Connor is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Direc- tor of the Center for Gas Turbine Research, Education, and Outreach at the Penn- sylvania State University. An American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) fellow and an American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) associate fellow, she serves on executive boards and committees for the Combustion Institute, the International Gas Turbine Institute, and the AIAA. Mr. David “Bobby” Noble is Program Manager of Gas Turbine research at EPRI. He is renowned in the power industry for gas turbine monitoring and diagnostics, digital twins, and combustion. Bobby is also an ASME fellow, serving on the International Gas Turbine Institute Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions Committee. Dr. Tim Lieuwen is Regents’ Professor and Executive Director of the Strategic Energy Institute at Georgia Tech. He is the founder and chief technology officer of Turbine- Logic, an energy analytics firm, and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering. Professor Lieuwen has authored 4 books and over 400 other publications. Renewable Fuels Sources, Conversion, and Utilization JACQUELINE O’CONNOR Pennsylvania State University BOBBY NOBLE EPRI TIM LIEUWEN Georgia Institute of Technology University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316512883 DOI: 10.1017/9781009072366 © Cambridge University Press 2023 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2023 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: O’Connor, Jacqueline, 1984– editor. | Noble, Bobby, 1980– editor. | Lieuwen, Tim C., editor. Title: Renewable fuels : sources, conversion, and utilization / edited by Jacqueline O’Connor, Pennsylvania State University Bobby Noble, Electric Power Research Institute, Tim Lieuwen, Georgia Institute of Technology. Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022025081 | ISBN 9781316512883 (hardback) | ISBN 9781009072366 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Renewable energy sources. | Fuel. Classification: LCC TJ808 .R4565 2023 | DDC 333.79/4–dc23/eng/20220817 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022025081 ISBN 978-1-316-51288-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of Contributors page vii Preface xi Part I Users and Conversion Devices 1 Aero Gas Turbines 3 Tim Snyder, Dusty Davis, and Randy McKinney 2 Ground-Based Gas Turbines 35 Vince McDonell and Bobby Noble 3 Reciprocating Engines 75 André L. Boehman 4 Process Heaters 138 Charles E. Baukal, Jr. 5 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production 161 Thomas Fuller Part II Chemical Energy Carriers 6 Syngas and Biogas 195 Katharine Hirl, Hannah Murnen, and Tom L. Richard 7 Liquid Fuel Synthesis 216 Matthew Realff 8 Ammonia 245 Agustin Valera-Medina, Syed Mashruk, Daniel Pugh, and Phil Bowen 9 Metal Fuels 275 Jeffrey M. Bergthorson and Keena A. Trowell vi Contents 10 Bio-based Solid Fuels 329 Andrew H. Hubble and Jillian L. Goldfarb Part III Fundamental Combustion Processes 11 Fundamentals of Gaseous Combustion 371 Eric L. Petersen and Olivier Mathieu 12 Liquid Fuel Atomization and Combustion 414 Ajay K. Agrawal 13 Pollutant Emissions of Alternative Fuels 451 Ponnuthurai Gokulakrishnan and Michael S. Klassen Part IV Case Studies 14 Certification of Drop-In Alternative Fuels for Aviation 487 Mark Rumizen 15 Fuel Composition Influences on Reciprocating Engine Performance 501 Jim Szybist, Scott Sluder, John Farrell, and Robert Wagner 16 Near-Zero- and Zero-Carbon Fuels in Industrial Gas Turbines 515 Jeffrey Goldmeer 17 Hydrogen Solutions for Net-Zero Power Generation 544 Michael J. Ducker Index 562 Contributors Ajay K. Agrawal University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Charles E. Baukal, Jr. John Zink Combustion, Tulsa, OK, USA Jeffrey M. Bergthorson McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada André L. Boehman University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Phil Bowen Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Dusty Davis Pratt and Whitney, East Hartford, CT, USA Michael J. Ducker Mitsubishi Power, Gibsonia, PA, USA John Farrell National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA Thomas Fuller Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Ponnuthurai Gokulakrishnan Combustion Science and Engineering, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA Jillian L. Goldfarb Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA viii List of Contributors Jeffrey Goldmeer GE Gas Power, Schenectady, NY, USA Katharine Hirl Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Andrew H. Hubble Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Michael S. Klassen Combustion Science and Engineering, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA Syed Mashruk Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Olivier Mathieu Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Vince McDonell University of California – Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Randy McKinney Pratt & Whitney (Retired), East Hartford, CT, USA Hannah Murnen Compact Membrane Systems, Newport, DE, USA Bobby Noble EPRI, Charlotte, NC, USA Eric L. Petersen Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Daniel Pugh Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Matthew Realff Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Tom L. Richard Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Mark Rumizen Federal Aviation Administration, Burlington, MA, USA List of Contributors ix Scott Sluder Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, USA Tim Snyder Pratt and Whitney, East Hartford, CT, USA Jim Szybist Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, USA Keena A. Trowell McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Agustin Valera-Medina Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Robert Wagner Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, USA