Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Handbook: Application and Thermodynamics

604 Pages·2018·31.358 MB·English

by  Gnaneswar Gude

RENEWABLE
ENERGY POWERED
DESALINATION
HANDBOOK
RENEWABLE
ENERGY POWERED
DESALINATION
HANDBOOK
APPLICATION AND
THERMODYNAMICS
VEERA GNANESWAR GUDE
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DEDICATION
TomylatefatherGudeBhaskarRao,tomymotherGudeFathima,tomy
sisterKalyani,andtomybrothersKiranandKarunakar,andtoPreetiMuire.
CONTRIBUTORS
NassirAlArifi
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
AhmedAlGhamdi
YanbuIndustrialCollege,Yanbu,SaudiArabia
AbdulazizM.Al-Bassam
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
Anne-PerrineAvrin
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,UnitedStates
DmitriiBogdanov
LappeenrantaUniversityofTechnology,Lappeenranta,Finland
RolandoBosleman
EnergyRecoveryInc.,SanLeandro,CA,UnitedStates
ChristianBreyer
LappeenrantaUniversityofTechnology,Lappeenranta,Finland
UpekshaCaldera
LappeenrantaUniversityofTechnology,Lappeenranta,Finland
PietroCatrini
UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy
DornadulaChandrasekharam
IndiaInstituteofTechnologyHyderabad,Hyderabad,India
AndreaCipollina
UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy
Ma´rioCosta
InstitutoSuperiorT(cid:1)ecnico,Lisboa,Portugal
SyedNomanDanish
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
NevenDui(cid:1)c
UniversityofZagreb,Zagreb,Croatia
FrancescoGiacalone
UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy
VeeraGnaneswarGude
MississippiStateUniversity,MississippiState,MS,UnitedStates
SajjadHaider
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
GangHe
StonyBrookUniversity,StonyBrook,NY,UnitedStates
xiii
xiv Contributors
EricKadaj
EnergyRecoveryInc.,SanLeandro,CA,UnitedStates
SoterisA.Kalogirou
CyprusUniversityofTechnology,Limassol,Cyprus
DanielM.Kammen
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,UnitedStates
SalahUd-DinKhan
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
ShahabUd-DinKhan
COMSATSInstituteofInformationTechnology,Attock,Pakistan
ArifLashin
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
GiorgioMicale
UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy
JayantaD.Mondol
UlsterUniversity,Newtownabbey,NorthernIreland,UnitedKingdom
IbrahimMustafa
YanbuIndustrialCollege,Yanbu,SaudiArabia
JamelOrfi
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
AntonioPiacentino
UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy
AdrianPugsley
UlsterUniversity,Newtownabbey,NorthernIreland,UnitedKingdom
UsmanAliRana
KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
LovedeepSahota
IndianInstituteofTechnology(I.I.T.)Delhi,NewDelhi,India
RaquelSegurado
InstitutoSuperiorT(cid:1)ecnico,Lisboa,Portugal
MervynSmyth
UlsterUniversity,Newtownabbey,NorthernIreland,UnitedKingdom
AlessandroTamburini
UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy
GopalN.Tiwari
BagEnergyResearchSociety,Varanasi,India
EftihiaTzen
CentreforRenewableEnergySources&Saving,CRES,Pikermi,Greece
AggelosZacharopoulos
UlsterUniversity,Newtownabbey,NorthernIreland,UnitedKingdom
BIOGRAPHY
VeeraGnaneswarGudeisanassociateprofessorofCivilandEnvironmental
Engineering at Mississippi State University (MSU). He has more than
15years of academic, research and industrial experience in desalination,
water-wastewater treatment, biofuel scientific, and technological areas.
HereceivedaBSdegreeinchemicalengineeringtechnologyfromOsmania
Universityin2000andworkedforDuPontSingaporeafterhisgraduation
from2000to2004.HereceivedanMSdegreeinenvironmentalengineer-
ingfromtheNationalUniversityofSingaporein2004andaPhDdegreein
environmentalengineeringfromtheNewMexicoStateUniversityin2007,
underthedirectionofProf.NagamanyNirmalakhandan,forhisresearchin
low-temperaturethermal desalination. Hehasexpandedhisresearchinter-
ests into water and wastewater treatment, microbial desalination, biofuel
synthesis using sustainable chemistry principles and process intensification
topics during his postdoctoral research, industrial and academic appoint-
ments.Heisalicensedprofessionalengineerandaboardcertifiedenviron-
mental engineer (also known as diplomate of environmental engineering)
by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists
(AAEES).
Dr.Gudehaspublishedmorethan70scientificresearcharticlesondesa-
lination (thermal, membrane, hybrid, and microbial), water-wastewater
treatment, and on biofuels research in well-regarded journals. His research
workiswellutilizedintheliteraturewithmorethan2500citationsby2017.
Hehaspublished3booksondesalinationresearch(Elsevier)and2bookson
biofuels research (CRC Press), 15 invited book chapters, 50 conference
proceedings papers, 15 technical reports, several popular press articles and
mediareleases,and2patentsonlow-temperaturedesalinationandmicroal-
gae biofuels technologies. He has delivered 35 invited lectures including
6 plenary/keynote lectures and more than 140 scientific research and edu-
cationalpresentations.Hehasorganizedmanyworkshopsonwater-energy-
environmentnexustopicsatnationalandinternationalconferences.Hewas
the chair and board representative for clean energy and water division of
ASES between 2011 and 2016. He serves on numerous scientific advisory
boards and task committees across the world including ASCE-EWRI,
ASEE, ASES, and AWWA. He is a member of several editorial boards
and editor for many scientific journals including ASCE Journal of
xv
xvi Biography
EnvironmentalEngineering,Heliyon,NaturenpjCleanWater,RenewableEnergy,
Resource-Efficient Technologies, and Water Environment Research Journal. His
researchissupportedbyNSF,USEPA,USGS,USDA,andbymanyindus-
trial and international agencies. He has received much recognition for his
research, teaching, and service activities at regional, national, and interna-
tional conferences and by professional societies (ASCE, ASEE, ASES, and
Chi Epsilon National Civil Engineering Honor Society) including the
2017AlbertNelsonMarquisLifetimeAchievementAwardand2017ASCE
MS Engineer of the Year Award.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my appreciation to
mycolleaguesintheCivilandEnvironmen-
tal Engineering Department, the Bagley
College of Engineering, and the Office
of Research and Economic Development
at Mississippi State University (MSU) for
their support. My sincere appreciation and
gratitude are extended to my doctoral
and postdoctoral advisors Dr. Nagamany
Nirmalakhandan, Dr. Ricardo Jacquez,
Dr.ShuguangDeng,andDr.AdrianHanson
of New Mexico State University (NMSU)
for their support in my professional career.
Prof.Khandanisgratefullyacknowledgedforintroducingmetodesalination
researchduringmydoctoralresearchstudiesatNMSU.Hisencouragement
and guidance had a tremendous impact on my professional development.
Colleagues at the South-West Technology Development Institute of
NMSU, especially Corey Asbill and Andrew Rosenthal and Robert Keith
PayneofEngineeringTechnologyDepartmentarethankedfortheirsupport
inmyresearchwhileatNMSU.Dr.CraigRickettsisthankedforsharinghis
workplaceattheengineeringresearchfacility.Industrialcollaborationswith
Thomas Leggiore, Charles Oborne, and George Forbes are also acknowl-
edged. My graduate research students at Mississippi State University and
NewMexicoStateUniversityareappreciatedfortheirdiligenceandenergy
in work environment and research contributions, especially Dr. Bahareh
KokabianandDr.EdithMartinez-GuerraofMSUfortheirworkonmicro-
bial desalination and solar desalination research projects, respectively.
Finally, I thank Ms. Preeti Muire for her support and love.
Veera Gnaneswar Gude
xxiii
PREFACE
Desalinationprocesses,bothmembraneandthermalsystems,requiresignif-
icantquantitiesofenergyeitherintheformofheatorelectricity.Currently,
theenergydemandsarebeingmetbyconventionalenergysourcesderived
fromfossilfuelswhichisanunsustainableapproach,especiallywhenconsid-
eringtheexpected growthin globalneedsfor desalinatedfreshwateracross
theworld.Renewableenergysources,thatis,solar,wind,geothermal,and
tidalenergysourcesareidentifiedasidealalternativesforreplacingthecon-
ventional energy demands for desalination.
Renewable energy technologies and their integration with desalination
processes have advanced in recent years. The desalination costs have also
reduced drastically owing to improvements in the two technological areas.
However,watersupplyalternativeusingrenewableenergypowereddesalina-
tionapproachisnotyetaffordableinalllocationsandatallcapacities.Thereisa
growingneedforunderstandingtheenergyandwaterproductiontechnologies
andtheirintegrationformaximizingtheprocessbenefitswhileminimizingthe
environmentalimpactstowardthegoalofachievingsustainabledesalination.
This book is intended to serve as a resource and guidance manual for
understandingtheprinciples,mechanisms,design,andsuccessfulimplemen-
tation of desalination technologies for undergraduate and graduate
researchers, science and engineering professionals, and industrial practi-
tioners.Thisbookisacriticalresourceforresearchersfromchemicalengi-
neering and science, environmental science and engineering, mechanical
andelectricalengineering,andindustrialandprocessengineeringandman-
agementdisciplineswithadesiretounderstandthescience,engineering,and
process management related to sustainable desalination.
Thehandbookhasatwo-partcoveragewhichbeginswithanoverviewof
thedifferentrenewabletechnologiescurrentlyusedinthefield.Thiscover-
ageincludes:solar,wind,geothermal,andnucleardesalination.Thecostof
desalinationislargelydominatedbytheenergycost.Therefore,anevaluation
ofcostsisalsoincluded.Thiscoverageisfollowedbyequallyimportantand
rigorousdiscussionofenergyrecoveryandthermodynamicsofdesalination
processes.Someofthehighlightsofthiscontributionareasfollows.
(cid:129) Coverscleanandrenewableenergysourcessuchasnuclear,geothermal,
solar,andwindpowereddesalinationandenergystorageandoptimization
(cid:129) Includes energy recovery schemes, optimization, and process controls
xvii