Renewable Energy. Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and Planning PDF
Preview Renewable Energy. Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and Planning
Renewable Energy Other Books by the Author Musicacrosstimesandfences,2016 Artwork2016(2ndedition;1sted.2014) Energy,ResourcesandWelfare:Explorationofsocialframeworksforsustainable development,2016 SolarEnergyStorage(ed.),2015 EnergyIntermittency,2015 Democracyandsense:Alternativestofinancialcrisesandpoliticalsmall-talk, 2015 Demokratiogfornuft:Alternativertilpolitikerledeogfinanskriser,2015 Blegdamsvej17,2015(3rdedition;1sted.1989;2nded.2001) PhysicsinSociety2014(3rdedition;1sted.1986;2nded2001) HydrogenandFuelCells:Emergingtechnologiesandapplications2012 (2ndedition,1stedition2005;3rdeditiondue2018;Chinesetranslation2015) AHistoryofEnergy:ThecaseofDenmarkfromStoneAgetopresent,2011 Life-cycleanalysisofenergysystems:Frommethodologytoapplications,2011 RenewableEnergy:Physics,engineering,environmentalimpacts,economics& planning(1stedition1979;Russiantranslation(PartI)1989;2ndedition2000;3rd edition2004,4thedition2010;Chinesetranslation(inpress)) RenewableEnergyReferenceBookSet(ed.,4volumesofreprints),2010 RenewableEnergyConversion,TransmissionandStorage,2007;Chinese translation2011 Life-cycleanalysisofenergysystems(withKuemmelandNielsen),1997 Superstrenge,1987;Dutchtranslation1989 Fredogfrihed,1985 FundamentalsofEnergyStorage(withJ.Jensen),1984 Energiforfremtiden(withHvelplund,Illum,Jensen,MeyerandNørga˚rd),1983 EnergikriserogUdviklingsperspektiver(withDanielsen),1983 SkitsetilalternativenergiplanforDanmark(withBlegaa,Hvelplund,Jensen, Josephsen,Linderoth,MeyerandBalling),1976 Moreinformationabouttheauthor’sworkatwww.secantus.dk,energy.ruc.dk,and www.amazon.co.uk/orwww.amazon.com/followedby Bent-Sørensen/e/B001HCXJ8K/ref5sr_tc_2_0?qid51476986750&sr51-2-ent Renewable Energy Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and Planning Fifth Edition Bent Sørensen AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2017,2011,2004,2000ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbe foundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanas maybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshould bemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessional responsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityfor anyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromany useoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-804567-1 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JoeHayton AcquisitionEditor:RaquelZanol EditorialProjectManager:AnaClaudiaGarcia ProductionProjectManager:MohanaNatarajan Designer:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Preface to fifth edition The market penetration of renewable energy-based systems has accelerated during the years since the Fourth Edition of this book from 2010. Particularly wind power has established itself as a very competitive solution in offshore or resource-favored inland locations, relative to fossil and nuclear energy. The technology showing the most rapid lowering of cost during the period has been solar photovoltaics, that today approach wind in economic viability at sites with favorable solar radiation incidence. These developments are presented in quantitative terms through the revi- sionsofChapter1. The physical basis for renewable energy flows, covered in Chapters 2 and 3, touches upon the climate issue of anthropogenic emissions and other disturbances of the determinants for climates on the Earth. Here the assessments of scientific lit- erature by the Intergovernmental Climate Panel, through its most recent publica- tions, have confirmed the human impacts on climate not only by theoretical models but by indisputable observations regarding world temperatures, ice melting near poles, and increased frequencies of extreme events such as storms and flooding. Details have been added to Chapter 2 and used in an updated discussion if climate changeimpactsinChapter7. The engineering aspects of renewable energy conversion devices that form the subject ofChapter 4, has been modestlyupdated by some new scientific ideas com- ing up during the last couple of years. However, precisely the commercial success of what have now become the “standard” renewable energy technologies is making it difficult for new ideas to become developed from a scientific idea to a commer- cial product, unless the advantages are so obvious that industry will risk the associ- ated investments. The same might be said for the energy storage technologies that are the subject of Chapter 5, but here, particularly for storage of excess power and regeneration of electricity, no single preferred solution has yet been identified. The cost of electrochemical energy storage devices has declined, but other options such asunderground hydrogenstores being charged and dischargedwith use offuel cells or gas turbinesmay turn outto bethe mostattractive solution. Storage technologies cannot be avoided if renewable energy is to become a 100% solution, due to the variations in resource flow that is obvious for wind and solar radiation, the latter being particularly uncorrelated with energy demand due to day(cid:1)night and seasonal variations,plustheeffectofpassingcloudcover. Quite substantial updates and additions are made in Chapter 6, dealing with sce- narios for supply(cid:1)demand matching in different parts of the world. New scenarios has been added, for the North American countries, for Japan and Korea, and partic- ularly for China, where a model highlighting the continuation of the bold steps xviii Prefacetofifthedition already madeover the last decadehas been based on dividing China into four parts, according to resource availability and demand density considerations. This model determines the requirement for power transmission between regions of China as well as further energy storage needs, that will allow Chinese energy demands to be fullycoveredbyrenewableresources. The details of the most recent climate-related impact estimations presented in Chapter 7 are also used to update the earlier energy system life-cycle analysis examples and add a few new ones. Finally, Chapter 8 again summarizes the overall conditions for success of the transition away from fuel-based energy systems, including getting rid of false economic paradigms and creating a new spirit of international cooperation based on equity and welfare rather than on the present exploitation and inequality-creating behavior of international traders and the selfish politicsofmanynationalleaders. BentSørensen Gilleleje,October2016 ORCID.org/0000-0002-6724-7396 Preface to fourth edition The ongoing commercialization of the most viable renewable energy systems has led to maturation of these systems that may not have introduced many novel funda- mental insights, but has streamlined the components in the interest of cost, durabil- ity, and trouble-free operation. For renewable technologies not competitive yet, the fact that technologies like wind power have already reached the marketplace seems tohavespurredanenhancedefforttoreachthesamestatus.Theevidenceforthisis a simultaneous focus on lowering cost and on offering smooth integration into existing ornewenergysystems.Rapidlydevelopingcountriesthatareattemptingto createa100-foldincreaseinaveragewealthwithinafewdecadesareaspecialmar- ket focus. It is evidently not possible to realize this growth for nearly half the world’s population if energy continues to be derived from fossil resources. The interesting option is then to jump directly to the long-range solution offered by renewableenergysystems, even ifthemixofsuchsystemsincludessometechnolo- gies that are not instantaneously characterized by economic viability but still may be so in a life-cycle view. The foresight and courage to follow such a path are the hallmarksofresponsiblepoliticiansandotherdecision-makers. Theseobservationshaveguidedthelatestupdateofthisbook.Bothnewtechnol- ogy and advances of existing technology are covered in Chapters 4 and 5, and the system implications are added to Chapters 6 and 7. Chapters 2 and 3 have only been lightly updated, e.g., by the newest IPCC estimates of climate changes (which of course may have a direct influence on distribution of renewable energy flows). Themarket overviewinChapter1has been updatedwithavailable production data. Much of these data are still publicly available, although industry efforts to conceal cost data have been increasing along with the creation of real (i.e., not government subsidized)markets.Overall,someofthematerialinthebookhasbeenreorganized to enhance the use of the book as a textbook. Finally, the publisher has decided to alter page layout and change the language of this edition from International English toU.S.English.Iapologizeforanyinconvenience ensuing. The remarks made in the prefaces to the earlier editions still stand and may proveusefultoguidethereaderthroughthearrangementofthematerial. BentSørensen Gilleleje,March2010 Preface to third edition The present edition has been updated in a number of renewable energy technology areas (Chapters 4 and 5), where progress has been made over the recent years. New solar simulation studies have been added to Chapter 6, and market considerations have been included in the overview in Chapter 1 and in discussing industry liberal- ization in Chapter 7. The remarks on advanced subjects made in the preface to the second edition are still valid. A new growth area is fuel cells for stationary and mobile uses of hydrogen and other fuels. Only modest updates have been done in thisarea,asitisthesubjectofanew,companionbooktobepublishedaboutayear afterthisone(Sørensen:HydrogenandFuelCells,Elsevier/AcademicPress).Some oldermaterialhasbeenomittedortidiedup,andmaneuveringthroughthebookhas been eased, both for reference and for textbook uses. The following diagrams may assistinfollowingthetracksofinterestthroughthebook: Topic-DrivenPaths Chapter Wind Solar Solar Biofuels Others Power Heat 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2 2.3.1(End), 2.2.2,2.4.1 2.2.2,2.4.1 2.4.1 2.3.2,2.4.1, 2.4.1,2C 2B,2D 3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.6 3.3(cid:1)3.5,3.7 4 4.1.4,4.3 4.1.5,4.2.3 4.2.1(cid:1)2,4.6 4.8 4.1.3,4.1.6, 4.4(cid:1)5,4.7,4.8 5 5.1.2,5.2.2 5.1.2,5.2.2 5.1.1,5.2.1 6 6.2.5,6.3.2,6.4 6.2.4,6.4 6.3.1,6.4 6.2.7,6.4 6.4 7 7.4.12(cid:1)13,7.5 7.4.12(cid:1)13 7.4.12(cid:1)13 8 8 8 8 8 8 xxii Prefacetothirdedition CourseMaterialUses Chapter Resource Energy Energy Energy Energy& Studies Engineering Planning Economics Environment 1 1 1 1.1 1.2 2 2 2.4.1 3 3 Asneeded 3.4.2(End) 4 4 Asneeded 4.8(Start) 4.5 5 5 Asneeded 6 6 Asneeded Asneeded 7 7 7 7.4 8 8 8 8 8 8 BentSørensen Gilleleje,October2003 Preface to second edition When the first edition of Renewable Energy appeared in 1979, it was the first text- book and research monograph since the 1920s to deal with the renewable energy sources and systems at a scholarly level. Indeed, it was instrumental in establishing the now universally used term “renewable energy”for a new area of science, which emergedundernamessuchas“regenerativeenergy”inGermanyand“solarenergy” in the United States of America. In many countries, renewable energy appeared in planning documents as “supplementary energy,” based on a conviction by adminis- trators thatthiscouldnever becomea major sourceof energy. My suggestion inthe journal Science (Sørensen, 1975b) that renewable energy could potentially become a 100% solution was regarded as absurd by many. Things have changed today, where official energy plans of some countries call for over 50% renewable energy coverage by year 2030 (Danish Department of Environment and Energy, 1996), wherethebestrenewableenergytechnologiesarealreadyeconomicallycompetitive relative to fossil options, and where increased concern over greenhouse warming effectsmaywellaltertheperceivedindirectcostsofdifferentenergysolutions. Thestructureofthefirsteditionwasdeterminedbytheaimofplacingrenewable energyontheacademicagenda.Itwasmygoaltoshowyoungscientists,engineers, and future planners that renewable energy was at least as interesting and challeng- ing as nuclear energy, and I tried to do this by showing the depth of problems to be solved using advanced techniques, shying no complication of quantum mechanics or nonlinear mathematics. This was seen as positive by reviewers and colleagues, but may have limited the sales figures for the book! Today, the requirements are quite different: now many universities and polytechnic institutes have renewable energy courses in their curriculum, and the task at hand is to provide good teaching materialsfortherelevantlevelsofcourses.Therefore,Ihavethoroughlyrevisedthe content and presentation in the second edition. The main sections of each chapter are now suited for introductory level study, with only very general prerequisites. Any topic requiring more background is deferred to special sections marked as ADVANCED topics at the top corner of each page. They can be added individually at the choice of the teacher, or they can be left for further study by the user of the book. My reflections on whether to separate elementary and advanced topics in two volumes or keep them together are as follows. Needing to go back to a topic for more detailed study, it is very convenient to be able to find it in a book that you havealreadyworked with.Thestyleandassumptionsareknowntoyou,andfirstof all, the book is on your shelf and need not be retrieved from somewhere else. Against the single-volume solution speaks the book price for those who find it unlikely that they shall need more than the elementary sections. However, we are
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