Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuel Technologies

178 Pages·2015·31.97 MB·English

BioMed Research International
Renewable Energy and Alternative
Fuel Technologies
Guest Editors: Meisam Tabatabaei, Keikhosro Karimi, Rajeev Kumar,
Neural Computation for Rehabilitation
and Ilona Sárvári Horváth
Renewable Energy and Alternative
Fuel Technologies
BioMed Research International
Renewable Energy and Alternative
Fuel Technologies
Guest Editors: Meisam Tabatabaei, Keikhosro Karimi,
Rajeev Kumar, and Ilona Sa´rva´ri Horva´th
Copyright©2015HindawiPublishingCorporation.Allrightsreserved.
Thisisaspecialissuepublishedin“BioMedResearchInternational.”AllarticlesareopenaccessarticlesdistributedundertheCreative
CommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginal
workisproperlycited.
Contents
RenewableEnergyandAlternativeFuelTechnologies,MeisamTabatabaei,KeikhosroKarimi,Rajeev
Kumar,andIlonaSa´rva´riHorva´th
Volume2015,ArticleID245935,2pages
AComparativeStudyofAlmondBiodiesel-DieselBlendsforDieselEngineinTermsofPerformance
andEmissions,NidalH.Abu-HamdehandKhaledA.Alnefaie
Volume2015,ArticleID529808,8pages
CatalysisofRiceStrawHydrolysisbytheCombinationofImmobilizedCellulasefromAspergillusniger
on𝛽-Cyclodextrin-Fe O NanoparticlesandIonicLiquid,Po-JungHuang,Ken-LinChang,Jung-Feng
3 4
Hsieh,andShui-TeinChen
Volume2015,ArticleID409103,9pages
CurrentStatusandFuturePotentialofEnergyDerivedfromChineseAgriculturalLand:AReview,
NingningZhai,ChunlanMao,YongzhongFeng,TongZhang,ZhenjieXing,YanhongWang,ShuzhenZou,
DongxueYin,XinhuiHan,GuangxinRen,andGaiheYang
Volume2015,ArticleID824965,10pages
MicroalgaeasSustainableRenewableEnergyFeedstockforBiofuelProduction,SrikanthReddy
Medipally,FatimahMd.Yusoff,SanjoyBanerjee,andM.Shariff
Volume2015,ArticleID519513,13pages
ProductionandCharacterizationofBiodieselUsingNonedibleCastorOilbyImmobilizedLipasefrom
Bacillusaerius,SunilKumarNarwal,NitinKumarSaun,PriyankaDogra,GhanshyamChauhan,andReena
Gupta
Volume2015,ArticleID281934,6pages
ImprovementofBiogasProductionfromOrangePeelWastebyLeachingofLimonene,Rachma
Wikandari,HuongNguyen,RiaMillati,ClaesNiklasson,andMohammadJ.Taherzadeh
Volume2015,ArticleID494182,6pages
EffectsofExtrusionPretreatmentParametersonSweetSorghumBagasseEnzymaticHydrolysisandIts
SubsequentConversionintoBioethanol,ErickHeredia-Olea,EstherPe´rez-Carrillo,Manuel
Montoya-Chiw,andSergioO.Serna-Sald´ıvar
Volume2015,ArticleID325905,10pages
ComputationalApproachesforMicroalgalBiofuelOptimization:AReview,JosephKoussa,Amphun
Chaiboonchoe,andKouroshSalehi-Ashtiani
Volume2014,ArticleID649453,12pages
SimultaneousCoproductionofHydrogenandEthanolinAnaerobicPacked-BedReactors,Cristiane
MarquesdosReisandEdsonLuizSilva
Volume2014,ArticleID921291,10pages
EconomicImpactofNMMOPretreatmentonEthanolandBiogasProductionfromPinewood,Marzieh
Shafiei,KeikhosroKarimi,HamidZilouei,andMohammadJ.Taherzadeh
Volume2014,ArticleID320254,13pages
FastSynthesisofMultilayerCarbonNanotubesfromCamphorOilasanEnergyStorageMaterial,Amin
TermehYousefi,SamiraBagheri,KawasakiShinji,JalalRouhi,MohamadRusopMahmood,andShoichiro
Ikeda
Volume2014,ArticleID691537,6pages
EvaluationofDriedSweetSorghumStalksasRawMaterialforMethaneProduction,LeonidasMatsakas,
UlrikaRova,andPaulChristakopoulos
Volume2014,ArticleID731731,7pages
TheTreatmentofPPCP-ContainingSewageinanAnoxic/AerobicReactorCoupledwithaNovelDesign
ofSolidPlainGraphite-PlatesMicrobialFuelCell,Yi-TangChang,Chu-WenYang,Yu-JieChang,
Ting-ChiehChang,andDa-JiunWei
Volume2014,ArticleID765652,13pages
EnhancedSolid-StateBiogasProductionfromLignocellulosicBiomassbyOrganosolvPretreatment,
SafooraMirmohamadsadeghi,KeikhosroKarimi,AkramZamani,HamidAmiri,andIlonaSa´rva´riHorva´th
Volume2014,ArticleID350414,6pages
EffectsofPsychrophilicStorageonManuresasSubstrateforAnaerobicDigestion,WencheBergland,
CarlosDinamarca,andRuneBakke
Volume2014,ArticleID712197,8pages
EnhancedEthanolandBiogasProductionfromPinewoodbyNMMOPretreatmentandDetailed
BiomassAnalysis,MarziehShafiei,KeikhosroKarimi,HamidZilouei,andMohammadJ.Taherzadeh
Volume2014,ArticleID469378,10pages
BiotemplatedSynthesisofAnataseTitaniumDioxideNanoparticlesviaLignocellulosicWasteMaterial,
DonyaRamimoghadam,SamiraBagheri,andSharifahBeeAbdHamid
Volume2014,ArticleID205636,7pages
OverexpressionofD-XyloseReductase(xyl1)GeneandAntisenseInhibitionofD-Xylulokinase(xyiH)
GeneIncreaseXylitolProductioninTrichodermareesei,YuanyuanHong,MehdiDashtban,GregKepka,
SanfengChen,andWenshengQin
Volume2014,ArticleID169705,8pages
ParticulateSizeofMicroalgalBiomassAffectsHydrolysatePropertiesandBioethanolConcentration,
RazifHarun,MichaelK.Danquah,andSelvakumarThiruvenkadam
Volume2014,ArticleID435631,8pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International
Volume 2015, Article ID 245935, 2 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/245935
Editorial
Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuel Technologies
MeisamTabatabaei,1,2KeikhosroKarimi,3RajeevKumar,4andIlonaSárváriHorváth5
1BiofuelResearchTeam(BRTeam),Karaj31438-44693,Iran
2MicrobialBiotechnologyandBiosafetyDepartment,AgriculturalBiotechnologyResearchInstituteofIran,Karaj31359-33151,Iran
3DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IsfahanUniversityofTechnology,Isfahan84156-83111,Iran
4CenterforEnvironmentalResearchandTechnology(CE-CERT),BournsCollegeofEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside
(UCR),Riverside,CA92507,USA
5SwedishCentreforResourceRecovery,UniversityofBora˚s,50190Bora˚s,Sweden
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoMeisamTabatabaei;meisam [email protected];[email protected]
Received4December2014;Accepted4December2014
Copyright©2015MeisamTabatabaeietal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperly
cited.
In recent years, biofuels have drawn considerable attention especially from industrial and solid wastes. A number of
ascleanandrenewablesourceofenergy.Themostattractive potential substrates, for example, municipal solid waste
typesofbiofuelsarebiogas,bioethanol,biodiesel,andbiobu- and manure mixed with bedding materials, have a high
tanol. Some of these biofuels are likely to play roles in the potential;however,theycontainlignocellulosesthatarenot
productionofcleanenergycarriersaspromisingalternatives easilybioconvertible.Therefore,anumberofrecentresearch
tofossilfuelsandbringaboutenvironmentalbenefitsglob- activities are focused on the improvement of biogas from
ally. Biogasthatprimarilycontainsbiomethaneisproduced recalcitrantsubstrates,forexample,lignocelluloses,andhigh-
through anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. Among the ratesystemsforbiogasproduction.
biofuels production processes, biogas process seems to be Ethanol, the leading liquid biofuel, is widely used for
the easiest to conduct as it does not need sterilization, can transportation. Currently, sugarcane in Brazil and starchy
beproducedinsimplereactorsatmoderateconditionsusing materials, for example, corn in USA and wheat in Europe,
anaturalconsortiumofmicroorganismsavailableinnature arethemainfeedstocks(referredtoas1stgeneration),while
suchasmanure,anddoesnotneedacomplicatedseparation lignocellulosic materials in the last decade (2nd generation
and purification process. However, it is more complicated orlignoethanol)andmorerecentlyalgalbiomass(3rdgener-
than it appears at first glance specially when high biogas ation)aresuggestedastherawmaterials.Lignoethanolseems
yieldistargeted.Infact,themicrobiologyandbiochemistry to be the most promising type for the near future as these
of biogas production are the most complicated systems feedstocksareabundantandavailableatlowprices.However,
compared to those of the other biofuels, as four different lignocellulosesarerecalcitrantinnatureandtheirprocessing
processes,thatis,hydrolysis,acidogenesis,acetogenesis,and is more complicated; the process needs a pretreatment step
methanogenesisareperformedparallelwheredifferenttypes which is still challenging and consumption of hydrolytic
of microbes as a consortium work together. Furthermore, enzymes should be minimized. Both of these problems are
the substrates used for biogas production are a mixture of thesubjectofahighnumberofrecentinvestigations.Allin
differentcomponentswithdifferentdegradationproperties. all, lignoethanol is more expensive than the 1st generation
Main feedstocks are solid wastes, for example, agricultural, ethanolandprocessintegrationandbiorefineryconceptsare
municipal, and food industrial wastes, and wastewater, for proposedtomakethe2ndgenerationethanolcompetitive.
example,industrialandmunicipalwastewater.Technologies Biodiesel is a promising alternative to diesel fuel, as it
forbiogasfrommunicipalwastewatersludgearewelldevel- has a number of advantages including high cetane number,
oped; however, the recently increasing oil prices, unclear flashpoint,andinherentlubricity,createslessexhaustemis-
futureoffossilfuelsavailability,andenvironmentalimpacts sions, and contains no polluting chemicals like sulfur, as
haveledtosignificantinterestinbiogasfromotherresources well as being renewable, biodegradable, and compatible to
2 BioMedResearchInternational
the existing fuel distribution infrastructure. The process of
biodiesel production at industrial scale is developed rather
wellandthemostimportantchallengingandlimitingissuein
biodieselproductionisfeedstocksupply.Infact,theavailable
feedstock is limited and accounts for over 70% of the total
biodieselproductioncost.“Crimeagainsthumanity”termis
raisedwhenediblesourcesstartedtobeused.Therefore,the
futuresustainabilityofthisindustryisheavilydependenton
nonedible feedstock supply and achieving more innovative,
integrated,andefficientprocesses.
Biobutanol is considered more advanced compared to
theotherexistingbiofuels.Acetoneproductionviaacetone-
butanol-ethanol(ABE)fermentationisanoldprocesswidely
establishedduringtheFirstWorldWarformilitarypurposes
intheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,England,Canada,
USA,Japan,China,andSouthAfrica.Recently,ABEprocess
attracted a high interest for the production of butanol as a
renewable fuel. Main feedstocks used in the old processes
were sugar-based substrates such as molasses and starchy
materials such as wheat. Recently, low cost lignocellulosic
wastes are suggested for ABE fermentation (lignobutanol);
however,itsuffersfromthesameproblemsasinlignoethanol.
Furthermore,microorganismsusedforbiobutanol,forexam-
ple,ClostridiumacetobutylicumandC.beijerinckii,aremore
sensitive to inhibitors than the microorganisms used for
biogas and ethanol production. Generally, the process of
biobutanol production is more complicated than those of
ethanolandbiogas,asthemicroorganismsarestrictlyanaer-
obic; butanol-producing bacteria are severely inhibited by
the process products especially butanol, and separation of
productsismoreenergydemandingandcomplicated.Com-
paredtolignoethanol,lignobutanolisinitspreliminarystage
ofresearchandanumberofproblemsshouldbe addressed
in laboratory and pilot scales before the process becomes
competitivetootherbiofuelsatcommercialscale.
MeisamTabatabaei
KeikhosroKarimi
RajeevKumar
IlonaSa´rva´riHorva´th
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International
Volume 2015, Article ID 529808, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/529808
Research Article
A Comparative Study of Almond Biodiesel-Diesel Blends for
Diesel Engine in Terms of Performance and Emissions
NidalH.Abu-HamdehandKhaledA.Alnefaie
MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,FacultyofEngineering,KingAbdulazizUniversity,P.O.Box80204,Jeddah21589,SaudiArabia
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoNidalH.Abu-Hamdeh;[email protected]
Received6June2014;Revised1September2014;Accepted7September2014
AcademicEditor:MeisamTabatabaei
Copyright©2015N.H.Abu-HamdehandK.A.Alnefaie.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommons
AttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkis
properlycited.
This paper investigates the opportunity of using almond oil as a renewable and alternative fuel source. Different fuel blends
containing10,30,and50%almondbiodiesel(B10,B30,andB50)withdieselfuel(B0)werepreparedandtheinfluenceofthese
blends on emissions and some performance parameters under various load conditions were inspected using a diesel engine.
Measuredengineperformanceparametershavegenerallyshownaslightincreaseinexhaustgastemperatureandinbrakespecific
fuelconsumptionandaslightdecreaseinbrakethermalefficiency.Gasesinvestigatedwerecarbonmonoxide(CO)andoxidesof
nitrogen(NO𝑥).Furthermore,theconcentrationofthetotalparticulateandtheunburnedfuelemissionsintheexhaustgaswere
tested.AblendofalmondbiodieselwithdieselfuelgraduallyreducedtheengineCOandtotalparticulateemissionscomparedto
dieselfuelalone.Thisreductionincreasedwithmorealmondbiodieselblendedintothefuel.Finally,aslightincreaseinengine
NO𝑥usingblendsofalmondbiodieselwasmeasured.
1.Introduction in the investigation of fossil fuel alternatives. These issues
added to the increase in greenhouse gases such as CO2
Current civilization is greatly reliant on fossil energy. Fos- which is causing climate change and global warming have
sil fuels are the greatest energy source among all energy robustly boosted the interest in making use of biodiesel for
resources.Themajorpartofenergyrequirementsintheworld powergeneration.Biodieselisanexpressionusuallyusedto
isprovidedthroughpetroleumresourcessuchasnaturalgas, refer to fatty acid methyl esters that are often created from
oil, and coal. Fossil fuel depletion is to increase with time. animalfatsorextractedfromvegetablesandhaveacceptable
Sincefossilresourcesarenonrenewable,risingdemandsand capabilitiestobeusedindieselengines.Becausedieselfuel
diminishingsupplieskeepfuelpricerisingdramatically. andvegetableoilshaveclosecetanenumbers,biodieselmade
The use of diesel engines resulted in numerous mech- from vegetable oils might be used in current diesel engines
anized improvements for decreasing pollutant emissions as afterminoralterations[2–4].
well as fuel usage [1]. Diesel machines are widely used in Severalstudieshaveinvestigatedtheuseofvegetableoils
heavy-duty applications especially in the construction and asalternativefuels[5–9].Someoftheseresearchstudies[10–
farmingsectors.Accordingly,therateofreductionofdiesel 16] reveal that there is little harm including lubricating oil
fuelisthegreatestamonggasolinefuels,whichsubsequently thickening,injectorcoking,andgumformationringsticking.
results in a greater rate of price increase of diesel fuel than The nonvolatility and excessive stickiness of pure vegetable
othergasolinefuels.Additionally,thegrowingconcernabout oilswerethemajorcausesoftheseproblems[17].Talebietal.
environmental pollution since the 1990s has boosted the [18]reportedonanewsoftwarepackage,theBiodieselAna-
interest in alternative fuels. This has led to more financial lyzer,forpredictingthepropertiesofaprospectivebiodiesel.
support for research studies in energy management and Suchsoftwarecanestimate16differentqualityparametersof
conservation.Recently,theissuesofsteadilyrisingfuelprices, abiodieselbasedonthefattyacidmethylesterprofileofthe
declining oil storage, and air contamination have resulted oilfeedstockusedinmakingit.
2 BioMedResearchInternational
Almonds (Prunus dulcis) are believed to be the most 2.2. Properties of Almond Biodiesel and Its Blends. The
widely spread among tree nuts all over the world and are selectedenginefuelwasalocalcommerciallyavailablediesel
top of the list in tree nut output. They are affiliated to the fuel.Alaboratorypreparationofblendsofalmondbiodiesel
Rosaceaegroupthatalsocontainspears,prunes,andapples with diesel fuel was performed to operate a diesel engine
[19]. Almonds are widely produced in areas characterized and to make measurements of emissions and performance
by a Mediterranean climate [20], including many countries parameters.TheratiosofblendsselectedwereB0,B10,B30,
in the Mediterranean, all Middle East countries, and some andB50onvolumebasisofalmondbiodieselinanalmond
countriesintheSouthernHemisphere.Thebiggestproducer biodiesel-diesel fuel mixture. They are referred to as B0
of almonds in the world is the United States, specifically (0% almond biodiesel-100% diesel fuel), B10 (10% almond
California; as a result, almond oil is mostly produced there biodiesel-90%dieselfuel),B30(30%almondbiodiesel-70%
[21]. Because biofuels are made from renewable sources, dieselfuel),andB50(50%almondbiodiesel-50%dieselfuel),
developingthetechnologytoproducethemmustensurethe respectively. These abbreviations are used throughout the
adequatesupplyoftransportingfuelinthefutureaswellas currentstudy.
providingassuranceagainsttheuncertaintysurroundingthe Experimentalmeasurementsofthechemicalandphysical
petroleumresourcetimeline.Almondoilcouldbeextracted propertiesofthealmondbiodieselwithdieselfuelanddiesel
from the seeds which contain a high percentage of oil [22– fuel alone have been performed since they directly affect
25].Asfarastheauthorknows,noinvestigationsweredone emissions, fuel droplet dimension, and spray features. The
on the employment of almond oil as a substitute for diesel analysisproceduresandcompletedetailshavebeenfollowed
fuel.Therefore,thisstudyprovidesoptionsfornewvaluable asdescribedinKannanetal.[38].Themeasuredpropertiesof
useforanexistingcrop. diesel,biodieselfromalmondoil,anddifferentratiosoftheir
Dieselenginesaremainsourcesofenvironmentalpollu- blendsaccordingtoASTMstandardareshowninTable1.
tantssuchascarbonmonoxide(CO),carbondioxide(CO2),
oxides of nitrogen (NO𝑥), and partly burned (or burned)
hydrocarbons (HC) organic compounds [26–29]. Usually, 2.3. Procedure and Experimental Setup. Experiments were
the portion of the fuel drawn in is not enough to hold performedtostudybiodieselfromalmondoilasasubstitute
greatconsequenceoneffectivenessbutcouldbesufficientto fuel to operate a diesel engine and the performance data
causesevereaircontamination.Suchemissionshavealways were recorded. The exhaust gases constitution and the per-
beenacriticalissueinairpollution[30–32].Engineexhaust centage of contaminant emissions were also measured and
emissions usually contain nitrogen oxides. As Lapuerta et investigated.Theexperimentalsetup,schematicallyshownin
al. [33] showed in their review paper, biodiesel exhibits Figure1,consistsofasingle-cylinder,water-cooled,naturally
an increase in NO𝑥 concentration compared to diesel and aspirated, direct-injection (DI), and variable compression
only a few studies showed a percentage drop-off in NO𝑥 engine mounted on a standard TEQUIPMENT TD 43 test
3
concentration[34,35]. rigmadeinBritain.Sweptvolumeoftheenginewas583cm
This work aims to compare the various performance witha95mmboreand82mmborebystroke.Theinjection
parametersandemissionsofasingle-cylinderdieselengine systemconsistsofanin-linefuelinjectionpumpandthrottle-
operatingonalmondbiodieselwithanengineoperatingon type nozzle. The combustion chamber is direct injection
pure diesel fuel through laboratory measurements in terms typewithabowl-inpistondesign.Theinjectiontimingand
∘
ofexhaustgastemperature,brakespecificfuelconsumption, injection pressure were set at 21 crank angle bTDC and
and brake thermal efficiency. Emissions investigated were 20MPa, respectively. The cylinder pressure at each crank
carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO𝑥), and anglewasmeasuredandstoredbyadigitaldataacquisition
concentrationofthetotalparticulateandtheunburnedfuel system.ItconsistedofaKistlerwater-cooledflushmounted
emissionsintheexhaustgas. piezoelectricpressuretransducerinconjunctionwithKistler
charge amplifier for converting the electric charge into
voltage. It could measure and store up to 200 cycles engine
2.MaterialsandMethods pressurehistories.Themeasureddatacanbeanalyzedonline
or stored for postprocessing. A Chromel-Alumel (k-type)
2.1. Extraction and Transesterification of Almond Oil. After thermocouple together with a calibrated digital display was
∘
peelingthealmondseeds,theyweredriedatnearly30 Cand usedtomeasureexhaustgastemperature.Loadwasapplied
∘
thencrushedinablender.Powderedseedswerekeptat5 C through the engine’s connection to an electrical generator
inpolyethylenebagsbeforeanalysis.TheBligh-Dyermethod dynamometer and could be varied by changing the control
was used to extract almond oil [36]. Ground seeds were panelvoltage.Arotameterwasusedtomeasuretheflowrate
harmonized with a chloroform-methanol (CHCl3/MeOH) ofcoolingwater.Theenginewassimilartoanengineusedin
mixture(1:1)andwater.Twophaseswereobtained,aqueous aformerstudy[39].
layer (MeOH-water) and organic layer (CHCl3). A rotary Thedifferencesinthemeasuredperformanceandexhaust
evaporatorwasusedforevaporatingoffthesolvent(CHCl3) emission parameters from the “baseline” operation of the
for the recovery of oil. A residual solvent was detached by engine and all fuels tested were determined and compared.
∘
oven drying for 1 hour at 60 C and flushing with 99.9% Theexperimentalworkstartedwithapreliminaryinvestiga-
nitrogen.Thetransesterificationofalmondoilwasperformed tionoftheenginerunningonneatdieselfuel,todetermine
asgivenbyHossainetal.[37]toguaranteefewerimpurities. the engine’s operating characteristics and exhaust emission