Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space: Atmospheric Correction

484 Pages·1992·15.952 MB·English

by  Professor Dr. Kirill Y. Kondratyev, Dr. Vladimir V. Kozoderov, Professor Dr. Oleg I. Smokty (auth.)

K. Y. Kondratyev V. V. Kozoderov O. I. Smokty
Remote Sensing of the Earth
from Space:
Atmospheric Correction
With 154 Figures and 66 Tables
Springer- Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor Dr. KIRILL Y. KONDRATYEV
Research Centre of Ecological Safety
University emb., 5, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
Dr. VLADIMIR V. KOZODEROV
Institute of Computational Mathematics
Academy of Sciences
33, Leninsky pr., Moscow, Russia
Professor Dr. OLEG 1. SMOKTY
Institute of Informatics and Automatization
Academy of Sciences
199178, 14th Line, St. Petersburg, Russia
ISBN-13:978-3-642-76749-4 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-76747-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76747-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kondratyev, K. Y. (Kirill Yakovlevich)
Remote sensing of the earth from space: atmospheric correction / K. Y. Kondratyev, V. V. Kozoderov, 0.1. Smok
ty. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-3-642-76749-4
1. Aerosols - Mathematical models. 2. Radiative transfer - Mathematical models. 3. Solar radiation -
Mathematical models. 4. Remote sensing. I. Kozoderov, V. V. (Vladimir Vasil'evich) II. Smoktil, 0.1. (Oleg
Ivanovich) III. Title. QC882.42.K66 1992 551.5-dc20
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© A. P. Kostrova, Moscow 1992
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Preface
The monograph being proposed for the English-speaking research community
is concentrated on the atmospheric correction of satellite images as a part of
thematic interpretation procedures while processing remote sensing data. For
linguistic reasons a large section of the community may have been unaware of
the progress made in Russia in this field of science and technology. Meanwhile,
Russia was the first country to launch the first artificial satellite in 1957 and
to obtain from space for the first time spectra of the Earth's atmosphere in the
1960's. New applications of the radiation transfer theory for the atmosphere
underlying surface system appeared first in Russia in the 1970's. Direct and in
verse problems of the atmospheric optics were then formulated giving the
scientific basis for studies of natural resources from space. Since that time new
mathematical treatments for the atmospheric correction procedures have been
widely developed in Russia, including both analytical and numerical tech
niques to simulate spectral, angular, and spatial distributions of the outgoing
radiation in visual and infrared regions. The authors of the book were at the
beginning of the scientific approach. A wide range of mathematical im
provements to elaborate polinomial approximations for dependencies between
atmospheric radiation field and parameters of space surveying was due to the
necessity to process satellite images in real time using special software of ex
isted computer means for the studies. Another new scientific approach has in
cluded color coding simulation results in terms of spectral reflectivities and op
tical parameters of the atmosphere. Though the authors are researchers in
physics and mathematics, the readers will find in the book some new applica
tions of the techniques under study to optics of natural media and
climatological interpretations of temporal data sets for radiation budget com
ponents of the Earth. The book summarizes new results concerning models of
atmospheric aerosols, radiation and atmospheric constituents interaction,
theory and application of satellite data processing. We hope it will be also
useful for new ecological research from space.
Authors
Contents
Introduction ................................................. .
Chapter 1 Optical-Physical Models of Atmospheric Aerosol ....... 7
1.1 Complex Optical Models of Atmospheric Aerosol ........... 7
1.2 Application of Mie Theory in Determining
the Optical Parameters of Atmospheric Aerosol ............. 22
1.3 Closed Modeling of the Optical Characteristics
of Atmospheric Aerosol .................................. 37
Chapter 2 The Radiation-Environment Interaction ............... 43
2.1 Basic Definitions in Photometry .......................... 44
2.2 Equations of Interaction Between Radiation
and Randomly Inhomogeneous Media ..................... 46
2.3 The Filtering Role of the Optical Radiation Sensors ......... 50
2.4 Coherence Functions .................................... 55
2.5 The Structure of the Brightness Field and the Structuring
of Computation Programs ............................... 59
2.6 Partially Coherent Waves Coherence Matrices. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 3 Theoretical Models of the Non-Polarized Optical
Radiation in the Atmosphere-Surface System .......... 69
3.1 Justification of the Necessity to Consider the Distorting Effect
of the Atmosphere when Surveying the Earth from Space .... 69
3.2 Calculating Facilities of the Analytical
and Numerical Methods of the Radiation Transfer Theory ... 74
3.3 Setting the Problem of Theoretical Determination
of Scalar Asymptotic ltansfer Functions of the Atmosphere .. 77
3.4 An Accurate Solution for the Problem of Diffused Reflection
and Transmission of Light by the Terrestrial Atmosphere
for Model Phase Functions ............................... 82
VIII Contents
3.5 Algorithm to Determine the Azimuthal Harmonics of
gm and am Brightness Coefficients ........................ 90
3.6 Linear Integral Equations for Basic Functions .............. 97
3.7 Application of the Specular Reflection Principle
in the Theory of Radiation Transfer ....................... 103
3.8 The Meaning in Probability Terms
of Basic Or and ern Functions ............................ 113
3.9 Accurate Expressions for the Azimuthal Harmonics
of Brightness Coefficients gm and am for an Approximating
Three-Term Phase Function (m = 0, 1,2) .................... 116
3.10 Atmospheric Albedo, Spherical Albedo and Irradiance
of the Planetary Surface ................................. 123
3.11 Approximate Expressions for the Coefficients
of Diffused Reflection and Transmission
with an Arbitrary Phase Function ......................... 127
3.12 Determination of the Parameters of the Radiation Field with
the Use of an Advanced Method of Spherical Harmonics .... 131
Chapter 4 A On~-Dimensional Scalar Transfer Function
of the Atmosphere ................................. 141
4.1 Theoretical Assessment of the Spectral Transfer Function for
the Brightnesses of a Horizontally Homogeneous Surface .... 141
4.2 On the Solution of Inverse Problems of Space-Based
Atmospheric Optics for Model Phase Functions . . . . . . . . . . . .. 146
4.3 Tabulating Basic Constituents of the Scalar Transfer Function
of an Aerosol Atmosphere ............................... 151
4.4 The Effect of the Non-Orthotropic Surface
on the Radiation Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155
4.5 Results of Numerical Modeling of the Background Spectral
Transfer Functions ...................................... 161
4.6 Diagrams of an Optimization of the Transforming Effect
of the Atmosphere when Surveying the Earth from Space .... 165
4.7 The Geographical and Seasonal Distribution
of the Transfer Function Monochromatic Values ............ 166
4.8 The Effect of Atmospheric Haze on the Colour
of Natural Formations ................................... 170
4.9 An Assessment of the Polarization Transfer Function
of the Atmosphere ...................................... 171
4.10 The Effect of the Atmosphere on the Spectral Albedo
of Natural Formations ................................... 179
4.11 The Geographical and Seasonal Change
of the Transfer Function for Albedo ....................... 183
Contents IX
Chapter 5 The Effect of Horizontal Inhomogeneities
of the Underlying Surface
on the Scalar Transfer Function of the Atmospheric 187
5.1 Setting the Problem of Theoretical Estimation
of a 2-Dimensional (2-D) Atmospheric Transfer Function 187
5.2 The Effect of the Atmospheric Optical Parameters and
of the Conditions of Survey on a 2-D Transfer Function ..... 189
5.3 The Effect of the Horizontally Inhomogeneous Constituent
of the Scattered Radiation ............................... 195
5.4 An Assessment of the Effect of Horizontal Diffusion
of Photons on the Spectral Transfer Function .............. 199
5.5 An Approximate Assessment of the Transfer Function for
a Surface Formed by Two Horizontally Homogeneous
Half-Planes ............................................ 210
5.6 A Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Estimates
of the Spectral Transfer Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
5.7 The Effect of the Atmospheric Radiative Factors
on the Detection of the Small-Sized Optical Inhomogeneities
of the Terrestrial Surface ................................. 219
5.8 The Formation of Reflection Spectra Near the Interface
Between Two Horizontally Homogeneous Media ............ 223
Chapter 6 Radiative Correction of the Space-Derived Images
of the Earth Surface ................................ 229
6.1 Setting the Problem of Atmospheric Radiative Correction .... 229
6.2 The Status of the Problem of Radiative Correction
of Multispectral Space-Derived Images ..................... 233
6.3 An Approximation of the Dependences of Outgoing Radiation
Intensities by Orthogonal Polynomials ..................... 255
6.4 Sensitivity of the Calculation Scheme Considering the
Atmospheric Haze Brightness to Variations in the Initial Data 263
6.5 Atmospheric Filter for Spatial Frequencies ................. 271
6.6 Retrieving the Spatial Structure of an Ideal Image .......... 275
6.7 A Regularized Solution for Inverse Problem ................ 281
6.8 Results of Radiative Correction of the Digitized Photographic
and Scanner Information ................................ 285
6.9 Comparison of Results of Surface Albedo Estimation
from Satellites and Aircraft .............................. 290
6.10 Thematic Interpretation of Air- and Space-Derived Digitized
Video Information ...................................... 294
6.10.1 Improving the Properties of Images ....................... 295
6.10.2 Principles of Recognition of Images ....................... 298
6.10.3 Features of the Applied Method for Classification .......... 304
x Contents
6.10.4 Classification of Images Before
and After Their Radiative Correction ...................... 306
6.11 Atmospheric Correction as One of the Stages
of Thematic Interpretation of Video Information ........... 316
6.11.1 A Comparative Analysis of Space Images and Spectra ....... 317
6.11.2 The Stages of Atmospheric Correction of Video Information. 326
6.11.3 The Morphological and Structural Analysis of Images ....... 333
6.11.4 The Technology of Atmospheric Correction
of Video Information ................................... 340
6.12 An Assessment of the State of Natural Objects
from Remote Sensing Data ............................... 343
6.12.1 Models of Multifactor Regression ......................... 344
6.12.2 Interactive Classification of Soils and Vegetation
from Mid-Resolution Images ............................. 350
6.13 The Structure and Principal Elements of the Automated
System of Processing Digital Aerospace Video Information. .. 357
Chapter 7 Models of Interaction of the Shortwave
and Longwave Components of the Radiation Budget
with the Atmosphere and the Earth Surface ... , . . . . . . .. 361
7.1 The Boundary Problems of Shortwave Radiation Thansfer .... 361
7.2 Cross-Sections of Interaction and Phase Functions .......... 363
7.3 The Solution of the Boundary Problem
for Shortwave Radiation ................................. 370
7.4 Possibilities of Reducing Computer Time .................. 374
7.5 Consideration of Non-Orthotropicity
and Horizontal Inhomogeneity of the Earth-Surface ......... 382
7.6 The Longwave Radiation Thansfer ......................... 388
7.7 Radiation Fluxes and Heat Flux Divergences
in Radiation-Balance Models ............................. 393
ChapterS Observations of the Earth Radiation Budget from Space 397
8.1 The Status of the Problem of Retrieving the Heat
and Radiation Budgets of the Earth's Surface .............. 397
8.2 Empirical Analysis of the Earth's Radiation Budget
Components ............................................ 411
8.3 The Variability of the ERB Components
from Satellite Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 411
8.4 The Retrieval of the Radiation and Heat Budgets
of the Earth's Surface ................................... 416
8.5 The Interannual Variability of Radiation Budget at the Upper
and Lower Boundaries of the Atmosphere. " . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 421
Contents XI
8.6 Cloudiness as a Factor of Interannual Variability
of the Radiation Budget ................................. 426
8.7 Statistical Characteristics of Anomalies of the 2-D Fields
of the Radiation Budget of the North Atlantic .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 430
8.8 Anomalies of the Radiation Budget and the EAZO Problem . 437
8.9 Teleconnections Between the ERB Anomalies
in Tropical and Mid-Latitudes ............................ 445
8.10 Prospects for Using Satellite Measurements in Climate Studies 453
Conclusion ................................................... 459
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 463
Subject Index .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 475