Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere for Environmental Security: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere for Environmental Security Rabat, Morocco 16–19 November 2005

346 Pages·2006·9.21 MB·English

by  Kelly Chance (auth.), Agnès Perrin, Najate Ben Sari-Zizi, Jean Demaison (eds.)

Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere
for Environmental Security
NATO Security through Science Series
This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO
Programme for Security through Science (STS).
Meetings supported by the NATO STS Programme are in security-related priority areas of
Defence Against Terrorism or Countering Other Threats to Security.The types of meeting
supported are generally ’’Advanced Study Institutes’’ and ’’Advanced Research
Workshops’’.The NATO STS Series collects together the results of these meetings.The
meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s
’’Partner’’or’’Mediterranean Dialogue’’ countries.The observations and recommendations
made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of
participants and contributors only;they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting
NATO views or policy.
Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest
developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience
Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but
informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for
future action
Following a transformation of the programme in 2004 the Series has been re-named and
re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings
supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series.
The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction
with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division.
Sub-Series
A.Chemistry and Biology Springer
B.Physics and Biophysics Springer
C.Environmental Security Springer
D.Information and Communication Security IOS Press
E.Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press
http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.springer.com
http://www.iospress.nl
Series C:Environmental Security
Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere
for Environmental Security
edited by
Agnès Perrin
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques,
CNRS, Universités Paris VII et XII, Créteil, France
Najate Ben Sari-Zizi
Laboratoire de Spectronomie, Département de Physique,
Faculté des Sciences de Rabat, Université Mohammed V-Agdal,
Rabat, Morocco
and
Jean Demaison
Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, UMR CNRS,
Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere for Environmental Security
Rabat, Morocco
16--19 November 2005
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-5089-5 (PB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5089-3 (PB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-5088-7 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5088-6 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-5090-9 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5090-9 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
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© 2006 Springer
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Printed in the Netherlands.
Table of contents
Preface ix

1. Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric composition from 1
satellite measurements in the ultraviolet and visible: Steps
toward continuous pollution monitoring from space
K. Chance
2. ESA spectroscopy studies in support of spaceborne 27
atmospheric composition sounding
J. Langen
3. The MIPAS experiment aboard ENVISAT: remote sensing of 41
atmospheric composition
H. Fischer
4. Performances of the operational retrieval code for MIPAS on 57
ENVISAT and possible improvements of retrieval techniques
for environment and climate
B. Carli, C. Belotti, and S. Del Bianco
5. New measurements of trace species in the upper troposphere 71
from infra-red spectra of the atmosphere
J.J. Remedios, D.P. Moore, P. Meacham, G. Allen, A.M.
Waterfall, and H. Sembhi
6. Remote sensing of the Non-LTE atmosphere 87
M. López-Puertas, and B. Funke
7. Quantitative spectroscopy and atmospheric measurements 107
J.-M. Flaud, A. Perrin, B. Picquet-Varrault, A. Gratien,
J. Orphal, and J.-F. Doussin
8. Quantitative laboratory spectroscopy of atmospheric 123
trace gases
J. Vander Auwera
9. Global modeling of high-resolution spectra of linear molecules 139
CO , N O and C H
2 2 2 2
V.I. Perevalov, S.A. Tashkun, O.M. Lyulin, and J.-L. Teffo
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
10. CDSD-296, the high-precision carbon dioxide spectroscopic 161
databank: version for atmospheric applications
S.A. Tashkun, V.I. Perevalov, and J.-L. Teffo
11. Theoretical quantitative spectroscopy: computer simulation of 171
molecular spectra
S. N. Yurchenko, J. Zheng, W. Thiel, M. Carvajal, H. Lin, and
P. Jensen
12. Recent results on infrared molecular line broadening and shift 185
parameters
M.- A. H. Smith
13. Half-widths and line shifts of water vapor for atmospheric 203
applications: measurement and theory
R.R. Gamache and B.K. Antony
14. Quantitative rotational spectroscopy for atmospheric research 221
G. Wlodarczak, J.-M. Colmont and F. Rohart
15. Pressure- broadening of the 22.2 GHz line of water: basic 237
results for remote sensing of the atmosphere
G. Cazzoli, C. Puzzarini, G. Buffa and O. Tarrini
16. Rotational spectroscopy at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory 257
B.J. Drouin
17. Correlation between precipitable water and rainfall using 271
Global Positioning System (GPS) technique
A. Fadil and D. Ben Sari
18. Extreme variability of aerosol optical properties: the Cairo 285
aerosol characterization experiment case study
S.C. Alfaro and M. Abdel Wahab
19. Urban air pollution and its photochemistry studied by laser 301
spectroscopic methods
Z. Zelinger, P. Kubát, M. St(cid:284)ižík, K. Bezpalcová, Z. Ja(cid:278)our, P.
Danihelka, S. Drábková, M. Kozubková, P. Berger, A. (cid:253)erný,
P. Engst
20. The atmospheric chemistry Ether group: expertise and database 317
Ph. Ricaud, R. Delmas, F. Girod, Th. Phulpin and C. Boonne
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
21. An integrated approach to study the chemistry-climate 329
interactions in the atmosphere
P.C. Simon, M. De Mazière, M. Van Roozendael and J.-Ch.
Lambert
List of contributors 345
Index of subjects 351
PREFACE
AGNES PERRIN1
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques
(LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Universités Paris 12&7 and CNRS,
61 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cédex, France
NAJATE BEN SARI-ZIZI
Laboratoire de Spectronomie, Département de Physique,
Faculté des Sciences de Rabat, Université Mohammed
V- Agdal,
Avenue Ibn Battouta B.P, 1014, Rabat-Maroc, Morocco
JEAN DEMAISON
Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules,
UMR CNRS 8523, Université des Sciences et Technologies de
Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
Recent ecological disasters like, in 2005, the forest fires in Portugal,
hurricane Katrina in the USA, and recurrent drought events in many
countries of the African continent, make human beings aware of changes in
the Earth’s climate. At the present time anthropogenic activities lead to the
emission of greenhouse gases, pollutants, aerosols and ozone depleting
substances and the scientific community in general feels responsible for
understanding how changes in atmospheric chemistry can affect the Earth’s
climate. An Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) with a relatively
limited number of participants is highly favorable for close personal
contacts and can generate collaborations between advanced and young
researchers from NATO, “eligible partner” and “Mediterranean dialogue”
countries or, at the very least, to improve the links between them. The idea
to organize in 2005 at Rabat (Morocco) an ARW on “Remote Sensing of
the Atmosphere for Environmental Security” emerged as soon as NATO
opened in 2003 the opportunity to localize such a scientific workshop in the
countries of the “Mediterranean dialogue” in the framework of the
“Security through Science” programme. The major reason was that a long
tradition of research collaboration in molecular physics already exists
between the Moroccan laboratory of “Spectronomie de la Faculté des
Sciences de Rabat” and various European laboratories (France, Germany,
______
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Agnès Perrin, LISA, Universités Paris 12
et 7 &t CNRS, bat P1, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil (France) ; Email :
[email protected]
x PREFACE
Czech Republic), among them the French LISA laboratory (Laboratoire
Inter-universitaire de Systèmes Atmosphériques). Two women, Dr. Agnès
Perrin (CNRS, Universities Paris 12 & 7, Créteil, France) and Prof. Najate
Ben Sari-Zizi (Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat,
Morocco) acted as co-directors of this ARW, and this also was an
opportunity to give value to the new issue of the status of Moroccan women
(Moudawana) which was promulgated in 2003. The present ARW
effectively gathered, during three working days, 50 participants from 18
nationalities: 12 NATO countries, 2 eligible partner countries and 4
Mediterranean countries. During this ARW, 18 invited and contributed
talks were given, together with the presentation of 24 poster papers, and in
this way much new material was presented and a very efficient flow of
information was achieved.
These proceedings contain the texts of all invited and contributed oral
presentations together with the contents of some posters. The chapters in
this volume are divided among various different areas.
The first part of this document describes the current capabilities of
various satellite experiments which are performing measurements of the
Earth’s atmosphere. For example, some of the results obtained recently by
three experiments onboard the ENVISAT Environment Satellite,
namely, the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), the
SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY
(SCIAMACHY) and the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric
Sounding (MIPAS) are presented.
For the analysis of spectra recorded by these instruments it is necessary
to make good use of efficient radiative transfer codes. These computer
codes need as input, a dataset of high quality spectroscopic parameters
which can be generated only through a careful analysis of high quality
laboratory measurements.
In addition some of the future satellite missions which are under
preparation at the European Space Agency (ESA) are briefly described.
The characterisation of pollution in urban areas is of universal concern.
The extreme variability of properties of the aerosols in arid and semi arid
areas is presented in the context of an experiment performed at Cairo (in
Egypt). Also, the growing lack of water in many countries of the
Mediterranean area is a large subject of great concern, and recent studies
have shown that it is possible to quantify the integrated water vapour in the
line of sight of the GPS (Global Position System) satellites.
Finally, the understanding of climate chemistry couplings requires
ground based and satellite information to be validated and confronted with
the results of chemical transport and atmospheric models. These
intercomparisons and validations can be performed when the results are
collected in dedicated websites and/or are discussed in the frame of
PREFACE xi
international agencies and associations. Examples of such comparisons are
presented in this book.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to NATO for the generous
grant that made it possible to organize the workshop on an international
basis. Also significant help, kind invitations, and guest accommodations
from Moroccan Institutions as the “Faculté des Sciences de Rabat”, the
“Université Mohammed V-Agdal” and the “Centre National pour la Recherche
Scientifique et Technique” are gratefully acknowledged . Finally we
thank the “Ether” French atmospheric chemistry program for additional
financial support.