Remote Sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environments PDF
Preview Remote Sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environments
Remote Sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environments Edited by Meenu Rani Department of Geography, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India Kaliraj Seenipandi Central Geomatics Laboratory (CGL), National Center for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Sufia Rehman Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India Pavan Kumar College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Haroon Sajjad Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000 AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA 02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2021 ElsevierLtd.Allrights reserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalog recordforthisbookisavailablefrom theLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acatalogue recordforthisbookis availablefromtheBritish Library ISBN:978-0-12-819604-5 Forinformation onallElsevierpublications visitourwebsite athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CandiceJanco Acquisitions Editor:LouisaMunro EditorialProjectManager: SaraValentino ProductionProjectManager: BharatwajVaratharajan CoverDesigner: MarkRogers IdeabyPrem PandeyandDesignbyMr.KumarKrishna Mohan Sr.GraphicDesigner,ShivNadarUniversity TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contributors S.K. Aditya NationalCentreforEarthScienceStudies(NCESS),Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India R. Aneesh Kumar Environmental Technology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India K. Anoop Krishnan National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India J. Ansari Environmental Technology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Trisha Chakraborty Department of Geography, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India N. Chandrasekar Centre for GeoTechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University & Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India B.S. Chaudhary Department of Geophysics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Debajit Datta Department of Geography, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Prashant Ghadei Department of Geography, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India Kalita Himangshu Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC), (Department of Science & Technology, Haryana) CCS HAU Campus, HISAR, Haryana, India Daji Huang StateKeyLaboratoryofSatelliteOceanEnvironmentDynamics,Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China xv xvi Contributors K. Ibrahim-Bathis Department of Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Jeenu Jose NationalCentreforEarthScienceStudies(NCESS),Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India V. Kashyap Environmental Technology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India A. Krishnakumar National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Pavan Kumar College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Md.Masroor DepartmentofGeography,JamiaMilliaIslamia,NewDelhi,Delhi,India Shafique Matin Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Wexford, Ireland M.A. Mohammed-Aslam Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India Mrinmoyee Naskar Department of Geography, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; Department of Geography, Baruipur College, Baruipur, West Bengal, India Sohini Neogy Department of Geography, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India M.K. Rafeeque National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India K.K. Ramachandran National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India M. Rameshan National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Meenu Rani DepartmentofGeography,KumaunUniversity,Nainital,Uttarakhand, India Contributors xvii Sufia Rehman DepartmentofGeography,FacultyofNaturalSciences,JamiaMillia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India R.G. Rejith Minerals Section, Materials Science and Technology Division, National InstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceandTechnology(CSIR-NIIST),CouncilofScientific& Industrial Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India R.A. Renjith Minerals Section, Materials Science and Technology Division, National InstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceandTechnology(CSIR-NIIST),CouncilofScientific& Industrial Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Asit Kumar Roy Department of Geography, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India P.M. Saharuba Environmental Technology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Haroon Sajjad DepartmentofGeography,FacultyofNaturalSciences,JamiaMillia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India Praveen Sathee Sankar Department of Physics, St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry, Kerala, India Sakhre Saurabh Environmental Technology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST),Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India; AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Kaliraj Seenipandi National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Sulochana Shekhar Department of Geography, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India K. Shravanraj Minerals Section, Materials Science and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Ram Kumar Singh Department of Natural Resources, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India xviii Contributors M.K. Sreeraj National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India M. Sundararajan Minerals Section, Materials Science and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India S. Venkatesan DepartmentofGeology,NationalCollege,Trichy,TamilNadu,India M. Vrinda Department of Geology, Govt. College, Kasaragod, Kerala, India Wenbin Yin State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China Biographies Dr.MeenuRanireceivedherMTechdegreeinremotesensingfromtheBirlaInstituteof Technology,Ranchi,India.SheiscurrentlyaffiliatedwiththeDepartmentofGeography, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. She has worked on remote-sensing applications as a junior research fellow at the Haryana Space Applications Centre, as a research associate on the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and at the G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development. Dr. Rani has authored and coauthored several peer-reviewed scientific research papers and presentedworkatmanynationalandinternationalconferences,includingintheUnited States,Italy,andChina.ShehasbeenawardedvariousfellowshipsfromtheInternational AssociationforEcology,FutureEarthCoasts,andtheScientificCommitteeonAntarctic Research Scientific Research Programme. She was awarded an Early Career Scientist achievement in 2017 from Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. Dr. Kaliraj Seenipandi is a scientist at the Central Geomatics Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram. He received his MSc in remote sensing and geoinformation technology with a first from Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, and his MTech in geomatics from the Indian Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Survey of India, Hyderabad. He was awarded the DST-INSPIRE Fellowship (both JRF and SRF) for his PhD in remote sensingegeotechnology from the Centre for GeoTechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. He has specialized in remote sensing, geoinformatics, and GIS modeling of earth and environmental processes. He has published over 30 research papers in the earth and environment fields and more than 25 proceedings in national and international conferences. He was awarded the Young Scientist of the Year 2016 award by the InternationalFoundationforEnvironmentandEcology,Kolkata,inassociationwiththe ConfederationofIndianUniversities,NewDelhi,andtheGreenTechnologistoftheYear 2017 award by the Scientific and Environmental Research Institute, New Delhi, in association with the Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, New Delhi. His researchinterestsareinthefieldsofremotesensing,geoinformatics,GISmodeling,earth and environmental dynamics, coastal vulnerability assessment, and natural resource monitoring and management. Ms.SufiaRehmanisadoctoralcandidateintheDepartmentofGeography,JamiaMillia Islamia, New Delhi, India. She has completed her bachelor’s in geography and subsequentlyobtainedhermaster’sdegreeingeographyfromJamiaMilliaIslamia.Sheis therecipientofaGoldMedalinMasterofArts.ShespecializesinremotesensingandGIS xix xx Biographies and hydrological studies. Her areas of interest include coastal ecosystem conservation andmanagement,climatechange,anddisastermanagement.Shehasmadearemarkable contribution to water-related research in areas such as coastal landscape vulnerability and flood vulnerability. She has presented her research in national and international conferences. She has many research papers in journals of international repute and book chapters to her credit. Ms. Rehman has been awarded many scholarships from various agencies. Dr.PavanKumarisaFacultyMemberattheCollegeofHorticultureandForestry,Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, U.P., India. He obtained his PhD from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He obtained his BSc (botany) and MSc (environmental science) from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,India,andsubsequentlyobtainedamaster’sdegreeinremotesensing(MTech) from the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Ranchi, India. His current research interestsincludeclimatechangeandcoastalstudies.HeistherecipientofanInnovation China National Academy Award for Remote Sensing. Dr. Kumar has published 50 researchpapersininternationaljournalsandauthoredanumberofbooks.Hehasvisited countries such as the United States, France, the Netherlands, Italy, China, Indonesia, Brazil, and Malaysia for various academic and scientific assignments, workshops, and conferences. Dr. Kumar is a member of the International Association for Vegetation Science (France) and the Institution of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Malaysia. Haroon Sajjad is Professor in the Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India. He obtained his B.Sc, M.Sc, M.Phil and Ph.D degrees all from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. His present research interests include environmental management, sustainable development, watershedmanagementandapplicationsofremotesensingandGIS.Hehasfourbooks to his credit. He has published more than hundred research papers in journals of repute. Prof. Sajjad has presented fifty research papers at national and international conferences including at Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, University of British Columbia, Canada, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa, and University of Brighton, U.K. He has delivered invited talks at various universities. Ten doctoral degrees to the scholars have been awarded under his supervision. He has chaired academic sessions at various conferences. He is the reviewer of many scientific research journals and member of scientific bodies. Foreword It has been 60 years since the first low-earth orbital weather satellite,TIROS-1,waslaunched.Toperformremotesensing, thesatelliteusedjustasimpleTVcamerapointeddownfrom space to observe the earth. Despite the rudimentary data obtained from the satellite’s slow-scan camera, the field of meteorologywasrevolutionizedbytheuseofremotesensing data. In the following years, remote sensing hasincreased in its breadth of applications, with satellites now being used to guide decisions and inform stakeholders in subjects that range from coastal ecosystem monitoring to hazard mitiga- tion and land use and management. The data provided by remote-sensingplatformswillcontinuetoserveacriticalrole in guiding scientists, consultants, engineers, environmental managers, and policy makers as we navigate the challenges presented by the changing climate. RemoteSensingofOceanandCoastalEnvironmentsprovidesarobustfoundationforall who strive to understand the theory and processes behind remote sensing, and familiarizes the reader with the current state-of-the-art methodologies in the application of remote sensing to ecological, economic, and risk management problems. This work was made possible, in part, by the strong support of CLIVAR (Climate and Ocean: Variability, Predictability, and Change), one of the four core projects of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Through CLIVAR’s commitment to knowledge transfer, education, capacity building, and outreachdnotably through the establishment of international con- ferencesandworkshops,bringingtogetherseniorscientistsandearlycareerresearchersdthe organization has facilitated collaboration and positively influenced many careers, including my own. Understanding the humble origins of our field, and looking forward to a bright future guidedbytechnologicalinnovations,wescientistsintheremotesensingcommunitytakeup themantleofresponsibilityhandedtousbypastgenerations.Ibelievethatitisthedutyofall of those who work in the earth sciences to understand how to maximize the tools at their disposal for the well-being of our planet. And there are few tools in our scientific arsenal as powerful as the fleets of watchful eyes in the sky. Dr. Noel C. Baker ALTIUSandPICASSOsatellitemissions,RoyalBelgianInstituteforSpaceAeronomy(BIRA-IASB), Brussels,Belgium xxi 1 Remote sensing of Ocean and Coastal Environment e Overview Meenu Rani1, Md. Masroor2, Pavan Kumar3 1DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA; 2DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI, DELHI, INDIA; 3COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY, RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, JHANSI, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA Chapter outline 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1 2. Satelliteremotesensing...................................................................................................................2 2.1 Oilspill.........................................................................................................................................6 2.2 Currentvelocityextractionandmapping...............................................................................8 2.3 Seasurface temperature...........................................................................................................9 2.4 Seasurface salinity.....................................................................................................................9 2.5 Coastalcurrents........................................................................................................................10 3. Geographical informationsystem.................................................................................................10 4. Fundamental techniques................................................................................................................11 4.1 Euleriantechnique...................................................................................................................11 4.2 Lagrangian technique..............................................................................................................11 References.............................................................................................................................................12 1. Introduction Satellite imagery has greatly contributed to the mapping of coastal ecosystems and provided estimates of land coverage and alteration in the coastal ecosystem (Tripathy et al., 2018; Burke et al., 2001; Hochberg et al., 2003). Advances in the design of sensors anddataanalysistechniquesmakeremotesensingsystemsmorepracticalanddesirable for use in coastal ecosystem management, such as estuaries, wetlands, and coral reefs (Held et al., 2003; Conchedda et al., 2008; Lyons et al., 2012; Rani et al., 2018). Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are used to monitor coastal land cover, coastal water dissolved substances, and biotic/abiotic suspended particle concentrations. Coastalecosystemsarehighlycomplexintermsofgeography.Tovalidateandaccurately RemoteSensingofOceanandCoastalEnvironments.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819604-5.00001-9 1 Copyright©2021ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
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