Remote Sensing. Models and Methods for Image Processing PDF
Preview Remote Sensing. Models and Methods for Image Processing
Front cover: In early June 1986, the advancing face of Hubbard Glacier, located in Southeastern Alaska, closed off the entrance to Russell Fiord with an ice dam that created the world's largest known modern glacier-dammed lake. This Landsat TM CIR composite is from September 11, 1986. Over 70 miles long, the Hubbard is North America's largest tidewater glacier. The Valerie Glacier, a tributary to the Hubbard, moved at rates of up to 130 feet per day causing the Hubbard to advance more than a mile during the summer of 1986. The current advance is part of a long-term cycle of advance and retreat. About 800 years ago, the glacier extended all the way to the mouth of Yakutat Bay. Because of the ice dam, Russell Fiord became a lake and water level rose at a very rapid rate during the summer months. Marine mammals (porpoise and seals) and other marine life were trapped. If the lake had continued to rise, it was predict ed that it would overflow to the south within a year. The dam formed by the surging glacier broke on October 8, 1986, restoring the dammed-up lake to a fiord, and recovering the vital sea-water environment for the marine life. It is expected that the glacier will continue to surge and form another dam in the future as the cycle continues. (Image data and description courtesy U.S. Geological Survey [Meridian Data, 1991 #528]) Remote Sensing Models and Methods for Image Processing Second Edition Robert A. Schowengerdt Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona A C A D E M IC P R E SS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 1997 by Academic Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ACADEMIC PRESS 525 Β Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 1300 Boylston Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA http://www.apnet.com ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schowengerdt, Robert A. Remote sensing, models and methods for image processing / Robert A. Schowengerdt. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Techniques for image processing and classification in remote sensing. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-12-628981-6 (alk. paper) 1. Image processing. 2. Remote-sensing images. I. Schowengerdt, Robert A. Techniques for image processing and classification in remote sensing. II. Title. TA1632.S3 1997 97-8078 621.367—DC21 CIP Printed in the United States of America 97 98 99 00 01 IP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my best friend, Amy Image Gallery Plate 1-1 Remote sensing imagery can provide a long-term record of man's impact on the environment. This series of Landsat MSS images of the Twin Buttes copper mining complex south of Tucson, Arizona, also includes irrigated pecan orchards along the right side, and the growing retirement community of Green Valley between the orchards and the mines. The large polygonal features are tailings waste ponds from the open pit mining, and the presence of blue-black color indi cates standing water on the surface. Note the noisy data in the 1974 image and the cloud and its shadow in the 1977 image. The expansion of the mining activity during this 13 year period is evident, as is growth in the irrigated agricultural areas and in Green Valley (white-grey area at the lower right). Plate 1-2 This July 23, 1990 AVIRIS image of Palo Alto, California, illustrates hyperspec tral data. The CIR composite is made from bands 51, 27 and 17 (arrows in the graph) displayed in red, green and blue, respectively, and represents only about 1.5% of the total data in the image. Five pixels were selected for extraction of spectral profiles and are located at the centers of the 5x5 pixel yellow squares. From left to right, they represent: dry grassland, building, Palo Alto golf course, San Francisco Bay and salt evaporator pond. The spectral profiles are plotted below, color coded to match the CIR composite colors. The AVIRIS data are uncorrected for atmospheric effects; note the similarity between the golf course (grass) profile and the simulated signature of Fig. 2-9 in Chapter 2. Atmospheric scattering increasing towards the blue spectral region is evident in all the signa tures, as are the H 2O and C O2 absorption bands. (Image courtesy of NASA/JPL) xv Image Gallery xvi Plate 1-3 This TM CIR composite from June 9, 1984, shows the All-American Canal used to irrigate agriculture in the desert near Yuma, Arizona. Crops such as lettuce and melons are typically grown in this area. The degree of "redness" indicates the growth stage of the crop in a particular field; grey fields are fallow and black fields are flooded with water. The Algodones Dunes at the top show periodic sand dune patterns. An image acquired at a different date would likely show changes in these patterns, as well as in the agricultural area. Plate 1-4 The potential for remote sensing in global applications is illustrated in these two images. They show the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calcu lated from AVHRR satellite data (an example of Level 3 processing, see Chapter 1) reduced to about 16km GIFOV At the top is a 10 day composite (used to increase the potential for cloud-free coverage at every pixel) from May 1-10, 1992 and at the bottom is a composite from June 1-10, 1992. The degree of "greeness" indicates the amount of green vegetation at the time. Note the increase in vegetation between the two periods in the Northern Hemisphere, correspond ing to spring growth. The geometric projection used here is known as the Inter rupted Goode Homolosine equal-area projection (Goode, 1925; Steinwand, 1994). (NDVI data courtesy U.S. Geological Survey; image coloring by the author) Plate 1-5 This declassified photograph, showing a major Soviet strategic bomber base near Dolon, Kazakhstan, was taken on August 20, 1966 with a KH-4A camera during mission 1036 of the CORONA reconnaissance satellite. The original photo graphic resolution of about 2 m allowed analysts to distinguish between heavy bombers and transport aircraft on the airfield's main parking apron. CORONA thus provided critical quantitative information to dispel the so-called "bomber gap," as well as the "missile gap," of the 1960s. Military surveillance satellites have become a vital component in national policy decision-making. CORONA imagery was photographic and returned to earth in a re-entry capsule that was retrieved in the lower atmosphere by hooking its parachute with a specially- equipped airplane. This digital image was created by scanning a 30X enlarged photograph at 300 pixels per inch. (Image and description courtesy of U. S. Geo logical Survey) August 22, 1972 November 15, 1973 June 1, 1974 November 14, 1975 May 30, 1976 June 30, 1977 October 11, 1978 July 13, 1983 June 14, 1985 Plate 1-1 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 wavelength (nm) Plate 1-2 Plate 1-3 May 1 - 10, 1992 June 1 -10, 1992 Plate 1-4
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