Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management PDF
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Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milano ONLINE LIBRARY Paris Engineering Singapore Tokyo http://www.springer.de/engine/ Gert A. Schultz· Edwin T. Engman (Eds.) Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management With 184 figures and 22 tables , Springer Prof. Gert A. Schultz Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Lehrstuhl fur Hydrologie, Wasserwirtschaft und Umwelttechnik 44780 Bochum Germany Dr. Edwin T. Engman NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD USA ISBN-13:978-3-642-64036-0 Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Schultz, Gert A.: Remote sensing in hydrology and water management / G. A. Schultz; E. T. Engman. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milano; Paris; Sinagpore ; Tokyo: Springer, 2000 ISBN·13:978-3-642-64036-0 e·ISBN-13:978-3-642-59583-7 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-59583 -7 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag is a company in the BertelsmannSpringer publishing group © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Coverdesign: design & production, Heidelberg Typesetting: Camera-ready copy by author SPIN: 10508018 61/3020' Printed on acid-free paper - 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Preface The authors of this book have been approached by consulting engineers: "You know about remote sensing and thus you can obtain hydrological information where no data exist, even without ground measurements, so that I can design the required capacity of a drinking water supply reservoir in a developing country." On the other hand, the authors have been told: "Remote sensing is not of much use since it is still impossible to estimate ground water resources or surface water flows from remote sensing data." The major aim of this book is to correct such unjustified illusions as well as exaggerated criticism by providing the reader with sound information on the potential - and the limitations - of remote sensing in the field of hydrology and water management. The book is meant to be a reference and text; it is not a collection of papers from some meeting. The book is intended to provide methods to help the readers solve their own problems in hydrology and water management. Therefore, scientific issues are presented only as far as they are necessary for the application of remote sensing. The reader will see that in some fields, (e.g. evapotranspiration, soil moisture, hydrological modeling) the scientific development is still on the way, while in others operational techniques are already available (e.g. snow melt run off-model, land use classification and detection of land use changes, flood fore casting and control). Furthermore, the reader will realize, that in many cases re mote sensing data are only auxiliary information to other data, e.g. digital maps, digital elevation models, modem hydrometric data, etc. In almost all cases remote sensing will not replace, but will augment traditional data. The application of remote sensing in hydrology and water management requires not only remote sensing data, but also access to the required hardware and soft ware. Hopefully, the reader will realize that using and manipulating remote sens ing data has become greatly simplified and cheaper in recent years. Tasks that had to be done on expensive specialized computers a few years ago can now be ac complished on a desk top PC and high performance computer systems and the powerful software are available at reasonable costs. It can also be seen that al though some of the algorithms for transforming remote sensing data into hydro logical information are becoming more and more complex (to handle data from multiple satellites or merging satellite and traditional data), they are being distrib uted in a very user-friendly format. Furthermore, a combination of remote sensing data, ground truth, (e.g. from modem hydrometric equipment) and powerful soft ware domains such as GIS give the hydrologist or water resource manager ex tremely powerful tools to help solve their problems. The readership of this book is expected to consist of hydrologists and water managers, i.e. mainly civil engineers, environmental engineers, geo-scientists and agricultural engineers. The information provided emphasizes possible applications of remote sensing data to hydrological monitoring and modeling as well as for water resources management decisions. New techniques are provided, which - due to the unique characteristics of remote sensing information - have a structure dif- VI Preface fering from conventional hydrological and water management data and models. However, this structure provides new and unique information not generally avail able from conventional measurements and models. Additionally, we observe a growing number of university departments, (e.g. civil engineering, agricultural and geosciences) offering courses in remote sensing theory and applications. This book should also be of value to students in these fields because it provides an up-to-date compendium of the state of the science of remote sensing applications in hydrology and water resources management. In a time of impressive growth of knowledge in all fields of natural and techni cal sciences and of rapid changes in relevant technologies, the editors realized that much of this information is scattered throughout many discipline oriented journals and publications. Based on their own scientific work and their long-term interna tional activities the editors realized that it would be beneficial to the hydrology and water resources communities if this information could be pulled together un der one cover. They carefully selected the 25 authors from many institutions in nine different countries. Although the book covers almost 500 pages, it is by no means comprehensive, a reason, why it is important to provide an extensive list of references, altogether more than 700. The editors wish to thank not only their authors, with whom they co-operated for more than four years, but also Joachim Geyer, who assisted patently with the compilation of the chapters and Springer-Verlag which organized the production and publication of the book. Gert A. Schultz Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Edwin T. Engman NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD, USA About the Editors Gert A. Schultz is a professor of hydrology, water management and environ mental techniques in the department of civil engineering at the Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany. He is Past-President of the "International Commission of Remote Sensing" in the "International Association of Hydrological Sciences" (lAHS). He was Vice-President of the "International Water Resources Associa tion" (IWRA) and former rapporteur on remote sensing in hydrology to UNESCO. He has published about 150 international and national publications and was/is associate editor of several international and national scientific journals. He was chairman of the IAHS/WMO Working Group for GEWEX and convener/co convener of a number of international symposia and workshops. Edwin T. Engman is head of the Hydrological Science Branch, Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, USA. He is one of the co-authors of the book "Remote Sensing in Hy drology" (Chapman and Hall, 1991) and author or co-author of more than 150 technical papers. For the past twenty years or so, he has been actively involved in promoting and conducting research in remote sensing applications to hydrology, first with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology Lab, and recently with the Hydrological Sciences Branch at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Authors Chris G. Collier Telford Institute of Environmental Systems, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Salford, United Kingdom Author Chapter 6 Kevin P. Czajkowski Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies and Department of Geography, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA Co-Author Chapter 5 Ralph O. Dubayah Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies and Department of Geography, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA Co-Author Chapter 5 Edwin T. Engman Head, Hydrological Sciences Branch, Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA Editor. Co-Author Chapter 1,4,5,9 and 20 Barry Goodison Climate Research Branch, Atmospheric Environmental Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada Co-Author Chapter 11 Ben Gorte Geoinformatics and Spatial Data Acquisition, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (lTC), Enschede, The Netherlands Author Chapter 7 X Authors John Jensen Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA Author Chapter 3 Geoff Kite International Water Management Institute, THAEM, Menemen, Izmir, Turkey Co-Author Chapter 10 Chris M.M. Mannaerts Department of Earth Resources Surveys, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (lTC), Enschede, The Netherlands Co-Author Chapter 15 Nandish Mattikalli Cambridge Research Associates, Virginia, USA Co-Author Chapter 4 Allard M.J. Meijerink Department of Earth Resources Surveys, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (lTC), Enschede, The Netherlands Author Chapter 14 and Co-Author Chapter 15 Massimo Menenti The Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Author Chapters 8 and 17 Ioannis Papadakis Consulting Engineer, Hattingen, Germany Co-Author Chapter 18 Authors XI Alain Pietroniro National Water Research Institute, NHRC, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Co-Author Chapter 10 Albert Rango Hydrology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA Co-Author Chapter 11 Joshua Rhoads Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies and Department of Geography, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA Co-Author Chapter 5 Jerry Ritchie USDA-ARS Hydrology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, BARC West, Beltsville, Maryland, USA Author Chapter 12 and Co-Author Chapter 13 Helmut Rott Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Austria Author Chapter 2 Frank R. Schiebe SST Development Group Inc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA Co-Author Chapter 13 Gert A. Schultz Institute of Hydrology, Water Resources and Environniental Techniques, Department of Civil Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Editor. Co-Author Chapters 1, 16, 18, 19 and 20
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