remote sensing in agriculture

342 Pages·2012·16.75 MB·English

·
REMOTE SENSING IN AGRICULTURE
Proceedings of the Symposium on Remote Sensing in Agriculture
Ahmedabad, February 27-28, 1985
,-. , "_ ....
., -. I
Edited by
Baldev Sahai
Group Director
Remote Sensing Applications Group
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad
Indian Society of Remote Sensing - Ahmedabad Chapter
SAC Campus, Ahmedabad 380 053
June 1988
PREFACE
The Ahmedabad Chapter of the Indian Society of Remote
Sensing (formerly known as Indian Society of Remote sensing
and Photo Interpretation) is the first and the largest
chapter ( more than 20 per cent of the total membership) of
the Society. The Symposium on "Remote Sensing in
Agriculture" was organised by the Chapter at the Space
Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad in February 1985.
Director SAC had kindly provided all the facilities for
holding the Symposium. It had attracted participants from
many other states as well.
The theme of the Symposium Remote Sensing in
Agriculture" was chosen because agriculture forms the
backbone of the Indian economy and provides livelihood to
rr.ajority of the population. The remote sensing technology
faces the toughest challenge in providing information for
the agriculture sector allover the world. In fact ,
practically every orbiting remote sensing satellite launched
till dat~, starting from the Landsat 1 launched by US in
July 197~ to IRS-1A launched by India on March 17, 1988, has
been designed primarily to cater to the needs of information
in agricutlure.
The symposium had five sessions encompassing remote
sensing technology as we~ l as applications. These were on:
Sensors
i i . Data Products and Information Systems
"ii . Crop Product10n, Yield Modelling and Crop stress
2V. Land Use and Land Degradation
Soil Mapping anc Soil Moisture
A panel discussion on "Development and Management 0 :
~gricultural Resources in Gujarat" was also organ~sed to
LOcus attention on the problem areas faced by agric~tlure in
the state of Gujarat to see if remote sensing could aid in
finding solutions.
Out of the papers presented six review t alks and twenty
four contributed papers were selected for inclusion in this
volume.
I must thank the Steering Committee for the trust
reposed in me by asking me to edit the proceedings and also
for the indulgence shown for the delay which was caused by
unforeseen technical problems.
The volume was made possible by the unstinting
assistance by Shri N. Ravi in editing and Shri N.H. Solanki
in typing. It is their enthusiasm, in spite of the technical
problems, which finally accomplished the task.
It is hoped that this volume would be found to be
useful in apprising the readers about the developments vis
a-vis applications of remote sensing in agriculture in the
country. It should, however, be mentioned that as far as
crop census is concerned, rapid advances have been made
under the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Utilisation
Programme si,ce the Symposium.
June 15, 1988
Baldev Sahai
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Ahmedabad Chapter of the Indian Society of Remote
Sensing places on record its deep sense of gratitude tQ the
Director, Space Applications Centre for not only providing
facilities for holding the Symposium but also for extending
the Library printing facility to bing out the proceedings of
the Symposium.
We are indeed grateful to all the co-sponsoring
organisations i.e. National Dairy Development Board, Narmada
Development Department (Dept. of Irrigation) Govt. of
Gujarat, Indian Space Research Organisation and Gujarat
Water Resources Development Corporation.
Steering Committee under the Chairmanship of the then
Chapter Chairman, Shri O.P.N. Calla deserves special thanks
for chalking out a balanced programme and providing
whole-hearted support in making the Symposium a success.
We express our gratitude to Dr. Baldev Sahai, currently
the President of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, who
kindly agreed to edit the proceedings, for his tireless
efforts in bringing out this volume which ,we hope, will
find enthusiastic appreciation by the remote sensing
community.
v. TAMILARASAN
Organising Secretary
1 BJI'; ,
a
J .... ~ ~~ \ "'. ! UI ] 3.}
1-"· __
~~ \~\,
-.... p . .(."..'. . ~,
CONTENTS
I. SENSORS
~tical S~nsors for Agricultural
Resources Survey - An Overview
George Joseph
M~wave Remote Sensing for Agricultural
~;;lications
O.P.N. Calla 1 5
II. DATA PRODUCTS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Data Products for Indian Remote Sensing
Satelli te
A.K.S. Gopalan 35
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
, / Utilization Programme for Agriculture
Baldev Sahai and R.R. Navalgund 41
National Natural Resources Management
System - A Short Overview
V.R. Rao 55
III. CROP PRODUCTION, YIELD MODELLING AND CROP
STRESS
Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture and
Crop-water Stress via Albedo Measurements
R.P. Tripathi, Sanjeev Verma and R.K.
Tomar 80
Extraction of Two-dimensional and Four
dimensional Vegetation Indices
Tara Sharma, N.K. Patel, Tejpal Singh
and R.R. Navalgund 90
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
for Drought Monitoring
P.P. Nageswara Rao and T. Sugimura 104
Remotely Sensed Canopy Temperatures of
Brassica Genotyupes in Relation to Crop
Growth
Naveen Kalra, Gurcharan Singh, R.K. Katiyar
and O.K. Das 108
~
Sensors for Observing Crop
Canopies
S.~. Maske and S.G. Bhandari 118
Crop Stress Monitoring through Remote
Sensing - A Review
R.P. Samui and S.J. Maske 128
Measurement and Spectral Assessment of
Albedo and Relation to Wheat Yield ,
R.P. Dubey, Tara Sharma, K.D. Mallick
and J.K. Garg 135
IV. LAND USE AND LAND DEGRADATION
Land Use and Land Degradation Surveys
Baldev Sahai 145
An Inventory of the Land Use Management
of the Parson Valley Reservoir Watershed
in Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu
S. Mohamed Ghouse, V. Guruswarny and
R. Palanivelu 168
Aerial Remote Sensing Application t o an
Evaluation of Hydrologi cal and
Waterlogged Conditions in a Part of
Gangetic Alluvial Plain of Uttar Pradesh
R.S. Sinha, Ashok Kumar and C.S. Agarwal 176
Monitoring of Land Cover Changes Using
Indices Derived from Remotely Sensed
Data (A Case Study)
K.L. Majumdar, P.S. Dhinwa and D.S.
Kamat 187
Visual Interpretation of LANDSAT Imagery
for Monitoring Land Use Pattern
K.P. Sharma, S.C. Jain and P.K. Garg 193
Flood-prone Area Mapping in the Ganga
Sub-basin with the help of Satellite
Imagery
S.N. Jha and R.P. Singh 199
Application of Remote Sensing i n
Monitoring Desertification in Ra jasthan
and Adjoining Regions
Surendra Singh and K.A. Shankarnarayan 210
Remote Sensing as an Aid for
Identification and Mapping of Present
Day Processes and Natural Hazards in the
Indian Desert
Arnal Kar 216
Feasibility of the Application of Remote
Sensing Techniques for Land Use Mapping
in Rocky Desert
Balak Ram and Amal Kumar Sen 222
Application of Shuttle Imaging Radar
Data (SIR-A) for Land Use/ Land Cover and
Geomorphological Studies - A Case Study
from Central India
N.S. Mehta and R.K. Sood 231
Remote Sensing in Planning and
Monitoring of Land Use in Kerala
S. Natarajan and G. Gopinathan 240
V. SOIL MAPPING AND SOIL MOISTURE
Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil
Moisture Over Bare Field at ll.4 GHz
A.D. Vyas, A.J. Trivedi, O.P.N. Calla,
S.S. Rana and G. Raju 247
Complex Permittivity of Sandy Soils of
Gujarat at Microwave Frequencies
A.D. Vyas, A.J. Trivedi and O.P.N. Calla 254
Quantification of Soil Moisture ~hrough
Passive Microwave Remote Sensing
K.S. Rao, P. Venkatachalam, B.K. Mohan
and A. Sowmya 262
Application of Visual Remote Sensing
Techniques for Extrapolated Soil Mapping
of Aliganj Tehsil, Uttar Pradesh
Pratap Singh, C.P. Singh and P.G.
Shanware 270
Soil Resources Data for Land Use
Planning - A Case Study Using Aerial
Photo-interpretation Techniques
B.M. Rao and H.S. Iyer 282
VI. PANEL DISCUSSION ON DEVELOPMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES IN
GUJARAT
Problem of Waterlogging and Salinity in
the Irrigated Commands in Gujarat State
with a Case Study of Kakrapar Project
M.V. Bapat 291
Agricultural Research, Training and
Education in Gujarat
I.C. Patel 308

OPTICAL SENSORS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY - AN OVERVIEW
George Joseph
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380 053
ABSTRACT
Recording of observations of the earth's surface from an
orbiting spacecraft began in early 1960 with the launch of
first u.s meteorological satellite TIROS. However, remote
sensing as we conceive today started with the launching of the
first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (now known as
LANDSAT-1). The present maturity of remote sensing for earth
resources survey is primarily due to the advancement in sensor
technology and digital image processing. In this paper we shall
review the evolution of optical IR (OIR) sensors, their present
status and future prospects, with special reference to the
requirements for agricultural resources survey.
An important question in the design of a remote sensor is
"What is the optimum set of specifications for a multispectral
camera?". Unfortunately , there is no unique answer, since the
optimum parameters depend on the application. Even if we
identify an ideal set of parameters, the realisation of the
combination of these parametric values (i.e. IFOV, FOV, number
of spectral bands, spectral bandwidth, signal to noise ratio
etc.) in a multispectral sensor system is a complex problem due
to the strong interrelationship these parameters have with one
another. Implications of some of the major sensor parameters
for ~roper utilisation of data are discussed.
Though data from LANDSAT MSS have been extensively used
for agricultural resources survey, the sensor parameters were
not optimal. Based on the experi~nce of LANDSAT MSS and series
of experiments conducted to enhance remote sensing capability,
tne thematic mapper specifications were evolved. The SPOT
system planned to be launched by the end of 1985 has some
specific advantages which are not available in the earlier
qystems. Some of the future OIR sensor systems which are
already planned for launch and are under study are discussed
with special reference to their application for agricultural
resources surveys.
INTRODUCTION
Recording of observations of the earth's surface from an
•