Remediation manual for contaminated sites

246 Pages·2011·3.873 MB·English

by  David L Russell

K11638_cover 8/29/11 12:30 PM Page 1
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING R
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REMEDIATION MANUAL FOR CONTAMINATED SITES
To ask the right question, one needs to have some idea of what the answer might
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be. So it is with remediation. There is no such thing as too much information when
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it comes to characterizing a site, as information can aid in selecting the best M
remediation options. Unfortunately, the collection of data for making an informed
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decision is often costly, forcing professionals to make decisions on incomplete data. D
The lack of accurate data can also lead to the wrong remediation method selections, I
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unwanted surprises, and extra expense. T
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Based on the author’s more than 40 years of experience working on environmental
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projects, Remediation Manual for Contaminated Sites provides a practical

guide to environmental remediation and cleanups. It presents a broad overview of M
the environmental remediation process, distilled into what one needs to A
know to evaluate a specific challenge or solve a remediation problem. The text N
offers guidance on tasks that range from managing consultants and contractors to U
gathering data, selecting a suitable remediation technology, and calculating A
remediation costs. L

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The book includes remediation strategies for a variety of contaminants and examines
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a wide range of technologies for the remediation of water and soil, including
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excavation, wells, drainage, soil venting, vapor stripping, incineration, bioremediation,
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containment, solidification, vitrification, and phytoremediation. Written as a down-
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to-earth reference for professionals faced with the challenges of remediating a
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contaminated site, this book is also useful as a primer for students and those new A
to the field. It includes numerous figures, photographs, tables, and helpful checklists.
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DAVID L. RUSSELL, P.E.
K11638
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
an informa business New York, NY 10017
www.crcpress.com 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com
Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
Composite
REMEDIATION
MANUAL
FOR
CONTAMINATED
SITES

REMEDIATION
MANUAL
FOR
CONTAMINATED
SITES
DAVID L. RUSSELL, P.E.
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20110823
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-3623-1 (eBook - PDF)
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For my girls and their girls for their encouragement,
Marianne Russell (1942–2007),
Laura, Jennifer, Miriam, Edda, and Zola

Contents
Author........................................................................................................................xi
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction.and.Overview...................................................................1
1.1. Introduction................................................................................1
1.2. Regulatory.Framework...............................................................1
1.2.1. CERCLA/SARA...........................................................1
1.2.2. Safe.Drinking.Water.Act...............................................6
1.2.3. TCLP.and.RCRA..........................................................6
1.2.4.. Underground.Injection.Control.Program......................8
1.2.5. Other.Water.Regulations...............................................9
1.2.6. Air.Regulations...........................................................10
1.2.7. Construction.and.Operating.Permits...........................12
1.2.8. Fire,.Health,.and.Safety.Regulations..........................12
1.3. Multimedia.Problems...............................................................13
1.4. Cleanup.Strategies....................................................................19
1.5. Corrective.Action.Plans............................................................19
1.6. .Management.of.the.Consultant.or.Remediation.Contractor.....23
1.6.1. Contractor.Management..............................................23
1.6.2. Time.and.Material.Contracts......................................25
1.6.3. Fixed-Price.Contracts..................................................25
1.7. Specifics.of.Initial.Exploration.................................................26
1.8. Specifics.of.Phase.II.Investigation............................................27
1.9. Remediation.Design.and.Construction.....................................30
1.10. Cleanup.Alternatives.and.Systems...........................................31
1.10.1. Introduction.................................................................31
1.10.2. Definitions.of.Soil.and.Groundwater.
Remediation.Systems..................................................37
1.10.2.1. Some.Definitions.for.Soil.Remediation.
Systems........................................................38
1.10.2.2. Definitions.for.Groundwater.Treatment.
Systems........................................................43
1.11. Soil.Treatment..........................................................................47
1.12. Groundwater.Treatment............................................................49
1.13. Summary.of.Treatment.Options...............................................52
Chapter 2 Data.Requirements..............................................................................55
2.1. Introduction..............................................................................55
2.2. General.Site.Information..........................................................56
vii
viii Contents
2.3. Site.Exploration.Program.........................................................60
2.4. Initial.Exploration.....................................................................61
2.4.1. NRCS.Classification.System.......................................64
2.4.2. Unified.Soil.Classification.System..............................65
2.5. Chemical.Analyses...................................................................66
2.5.1. Total.Petroleum.Hydrocarbon.and.Organic.
Carbon.Analyses.........................................................68
2.5.2. Soil–Mineral.Balance..................................................69
2.5.3. Other.Organics............................................................71
2.5.4.. Inorganic.Contaminants..............................................71
2.5.5. Water.Quality..............................................................71
2.5.6. Measurement.Accuracy.and.Well.Sampling...............75
2.6. Nonwell.Subsurface.Exploration.Techniques...........................76
2.7. Well-Drilling.Techniques.........................................................78
2.7.1. Core.Samples...............................................................80
2.7.2. Alternatives.to.Core.Sampling.Programs...................81
2.8. Hydrogeologic.Information......................................................82
2.8.1. Slug.Tests.....................................................................82
2.8.2. Pumping.Tests.............................................................83
2.8.3. Soil.Vapor.Stripping....................................................84
2.9. Bioremediation.Data.Requirements.........................................85
2.10. Disposal.and.Incinerator.Data.Requirements...........................86
2.11. Summary.of.Data.Requirements..............................................88
Chapter 3 Remedial.Options................................................................................91
3.1. Introduction..............................................................................91
3.2. Associated.Problems.and.Challenges.......................................91
3.3. Excavation................................................................................98
3.3.1. Depths.of.Excavation..................................................98
3.3.2. Nuisance.Problems......................................................98
3.3.3. Groundwater................................................................99
3.3.4. Rock.Excavation..........................................................99
3.3.5. Backfilling.................................................................100
3.4. Trenches.and.Drains...............................................................100
3.5. Wells.and.Remediation...........................................................102
3.5.1. Drilling.Muds.and.Well.Development......................103
3.5.2. Well.Types.................................................................104
3.5.3. Well.Packings.and.Well.Screens...............................104
3.5.4. Hydrogeologic.Modeling...........................................107
3.6. Pumping.Systems...................................................................108
3.6.1. Total.Fluid.Pumping.versus.Recovery.Pumping.......110
3.7. Water.Treatment.Systems.......................................................112
3.7.1. Water.Chemistry.......................................................112
3.7.2. Physical.Separations..................................................113
3.7.3. Filtration....................................................................114
Contents ix
3.7.4. Strippers.and.Aerators...............................................115
3.7.5. Carbon.Adsorption....................................................116
3.7.6. Biological.Treatment.................................................120
3.7.7. The.Biological.Treatment.Universe...........................121
3.8. Incineration.............................................................................124
3.9. Soil.Venting............................................................................126
3.9.1. Vapor.Extraction.Systems.Ancillary.Equipment......129
3.10. Bioremediation.......................................................................131
3.10.1. Landfarming..............................................................132
3.10.2. In.Situ.Bioremediation..............................................133
3.10.3. Preliminary.Considerations.......................................134
3.10.4. Aeration.Systems.......................................................135
3.10.5. Nutrient.Additions.....................................................136
3.10.6. Site.Restoration.and.Monitoring.of.Bioremediation....137
3.10.7. Taking.the.Measure.of.Bioremediation.....................138
3.11. Solidification.and.Containment..............................................139
3.11.1. Containment..............................................................139
3.11.2. Solidification.............................................................140
3.11.3. Vitrification...............................................................141
3.12. Landfilling.and.Brownfields...................................................142
3.12.1. Chernobyl..................................................................142
3.12.2. Ecuador.....................................................................142
3.13. Summary.of.Remediation.Technologies................................144
Further.Readings...............................................................................144
Chapter 4 Costs.of.Remedial.Activities.............................................................145
4.1. Introduction............................................................................145
4.1.1. Information.Sources..................................................145
4.1.2. Discussion.................................................................148
4.2. Cost.Factors:.Discussion.........................................................149
4.2.1. OSHA.Compliance....................................................149
4.2.1.1. Levels.of.Protection...................................150
4.2.2. Exploration.Services.................................................154
4.2.3. Analytical.Costs........................................................154
4.2.4. Site.Investigation.Costs.............................................154
4.2.5. Design,.Construction,.and.Maintenance.Costs.
for.Remedial.Activities.............................................156
4.2.5.1. Construction.Cost.Control.........................156
4.2.5.2. Cost-Effective.Design................................156
4.2.5.3. Maintenance.Cost.Controls.......................157
4.3. Specific.Cost.Factors..............................................................158
Chapter 5 Biological.Remediation.....................................................................159
5.1. Biological.Treatment.Basics...................................................159