Religious Liberty in Western and Islamic Law: Toward a World Legal Tradition

206 Pages·2012·1.034 MB·English

by  Kristine Kalanges

Religious Liberty in Western
and Islamic Law
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Religious Liberty
in Western and
Islamic Law
Toward a World Legal Tradition
Kristine Kalanges
1

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1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kalanges, Kristine.
Religious liberty in Western and Islamic law : toward a world legal tradition /
Kristine Kalanges.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-985946-7 ((hardback) : alk. paper)
1. Freedom of religion—United States 2. Freedom of religion (Islamic law)
3. Freedom of religion (International law) 4. Religion and law. I. Title.
K3258.K35 2012
342.08'52—dc23 2011041067
_____________________________________________________ ___________
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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For my parents,
Kris and Denise Kalanges,
in whose home I fi rst learned to love God and my neighbor.
And for my grandparents,
Jay and Marjorie Guthrie,
for their unfailing support.
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CONTENTS
Author Biography xi
Preface xiii
1. Introduction 1
I. Religious Liberty in Western and Islamic Law: Two
Questions 6
II. Th e Th eoretical Challenge 8
A. Th e New Haven School 10
B. L egal Rules and International Society 12
C. World Legal Tradition: Berman’s Comparative
Integrative Jurisprudence 14
D. Clarifying the Argument 22
2. Th eological and Philosophical Origins of Religious
Liberty in the U.S. Constitution 26
I. Th e Protestant Reformation and the Early
Modern Origins of Freedom of Religion 27
A. Martin Luther and the Two Kingdoms 28
B. John Calvin and Freedom of Conscience 32
C. From Th eological Doctrine to Democratic Form 35
II. Th e Genesis of the American Constitutional
Experiment in Religious Liberty 38
A. Th e “Soul Liberty” of Roger Williams 42
B. John Locke’s Separation Principle 44
C. James Madison and Religious Freedom as an
“Inalienable Right” 46
III. Religious Freedom in the First Amendment
of the U.S. Constitution 47
A. Th e Establishment Clause 49
B. Th e Free Exercise Clause 51
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3. Religious Liberty in International Human
Rights Law 55
I. Freedom of Religion in International
Human Rights Law 56
A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 59
B. International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 62
C. U.N. Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of
Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on
Religion or Belief 64
D. Spotlight on the Issues–Religious Minorities
and Proselytism 68
II. International Religious Rights: Monitoring and
Enforcement Regimes 71
A. Th e U.S. Commission on International Religious
Freedom 71
B. Th e European Court of Human Rights 73
III. Dignitatis Humanae : Th e Catholic Church and
the Moral Case for Religious Freedom 76
4. Religious Liberty and Shari‘a 82
I. Principles of Islamic Law–A Brief Overview 84
II. Freedom of Religion in Islamic Law 90
A. Th e Rights of Religious Minorities 91
B. Apostasy and Islam 93
III. Religious Liberty and Islamic Reformation 96
5. Between Religion and Law: Politics as
an Intervening Variable 102
I. Middle East Meets West: Political Contestation
and Islamic Identity 104
A. Arab Nationalism and Islamism 106
B. (Re)Constructing Middle Eastern Identity in
Response to the West 111
II. Religious Liberty in the Constitutions of
Muslim States 114
A. Freedom of Religion in Muslim
States–A Brief Overview 115
B. Th e Islamic Republic of Iran 116
C. Th e Republic of Turkey 123
D. Th e Arab Republic of Egypt 128
E. Th e Islamic Republic of Pakistan 134
[ viii ] Contents
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6. Religious Liberty in Islamic
International Law 140
I. Islam and Human Rights–Origins of
the Debate 141
II. Religious Freedom in Islamic Human Rights
Declarations 147
III. Interpreting the Emergence of Contemporary
Islamic International Law 151
IV. Some Regional and Strategic Implications of the
International Debate 156
7. Conclusion: Toward a World Legal Tradition 168
Index 183
Contents [ ix ]
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