Relativistic Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei

413 Pages·2012·5.361 MB·English

RelativisticJetsfrom
ActiveGalacticNuclei
Editedby
MarkusBöttcher,
DanielE.Harris,and
HenricKrawczynski
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Relativistic Jets from
Active Galactic Nuclei
Edited by
Markus Böttcher, Daniel E. Harris,
and Henric Krawczynski
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
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produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
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AstrophysicalInstitute containedinthesebooks,includingthisbook,to
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V
Contents
Preface XI
ListofContributors XIII
GlossaryandAcronyms XV
PartOne Introduction 1
1 IntroductionandHistoricalPerspective 3
MarkusBöttcher,DanielE.HarrisandHenricKrawczynski
1.1 ABriefHistoryofJets 3
1.1.1 SynchrotronEmissionasthePrimaryProcess
forContinuumRadioSources 4
1.1.2 Occurrence/UbiquityofRadioJets 5
1.1.3 OriginoftheNotionthatSMBHsResideinAllGalacticNuclei 6
1.1.4 WorkingOutofRelativisticEffects 6
1.1.5 Microquasars 6
1.2 JetsatOptical,UV,X-Raysandγ-Rays 7
1.2.1 HSTOptical/UVJets 7
1.2.2 X-RayJets 8
1.2.3 Jetsinγ-Rays 9
1.2.4 Gamma-RayBursts 10
1.3 TheRoleofSimulations 10
1.4 JetComposition 12
1.4.1 Options 13
1.4.2 Constraints 13
1.5 SomeThings(WeThink)WeKnow,andSome(WeKnow)WeDon’t 14
References 15
PartTwo TheoryBasics 17
2 SpecialRelativityofJets 19
MarkusBöttcher
2.1 Space-Time,Four-Vectors,andLorentzInvariance 19
2.1.1 InteractionThresholds 22
2.2 LorentzTransformations 25
VI Contents
2.3 RelativisticJetDiagnostics 32
2.3.1 SizeConstraintfromVariability 32
2.3.2 SuperluminalMotion 33
2.3.3 LorentzFactorandViewingAngleEstimates 35
References 38
3 RadiationProcesses 39
MarkusBöttcherandAnitaReimer
3.1 RadiativeTransfer:Definitions 39
3.1.1 RadiativeFlux,Intensity,EnergyDensity 40
3.1.2 TheRadiativeTransferEquation 41
3.2 NonthermalEmissionProcesses 43
3.2.1 SynchrotronRadiation 44
3.2.2 ComptonScattering 49
3.2.3 γγ AbsorptionandPairProduction 59
3.2.4 γ-HadronInteractions 65
3.3 ElectromagneticCascades 75
References 79
4 CentralEngines:Acceleration,CollimationandConfinementofJets 81
SergueiKomissarov
4.1 CentralEngine 81
4.1.1 BondiFlow 81
4.1.2 DiskAccretion 83
4.1.3 TheEddingtonLimit 86
4.1.4 FuelSupply 88
4.2 MagneticFields 90
4.2.1 Basics 90
4.2.2 PoweringMagneticWindsandJets 92
4.2.3 TheBlandford–ZnajekMechanism 96
4.3 Confinement,Collimation,andAccelerationofJets 103
4.3.1 AccelerationinSupersonicRegime 104
4.3.2 AccelerationandDifferentialCollimation 105
4.3.3 JetsandMagneticTowers 111
References 112
PartThree Phenomenology 115
5 ObservationalDetails:Radio 117
A.H.BridleandM.H.Cohen
5.1 OverallStructuresofRadioSources 117
5.1.1 Terminology 120
5.2 Parsec-ScaleJets 121
5.2.1 One-SidedJets 121
5.2.2 Two-SidedJets 125
5.2.3 VLBISurveys 126
5.2.4 MotionsintheJet 128
Contents VII
5.2.5 RelativisticBeams 130
5.2.6 StatisticalStudiesofCompactJetswithVLBI 133
5.2.7 Spine-SheathConfiguration 135
5.3 Kiloparsec-ScaleJets 135
5.3.1 CorrelationswithExtendedStructureandLuminosity 135
5.3.2 TheTwoJet“Flavors” 136
5.3.3 InternalStructuresofKiloparsec-ScaleRadioJets 137
5.3.4 JetBendingonKiloparsecScales 140
5.4 ModelingJetKinematicsfromRadioData 140
5.4.1 IntensityAsymmetryModeling:Velocity-AngleDegeneracy 141
5.4.2 PolarizationAsymmetryModeling:ResolvingtheDegeneracy 141
5.4.3 VelocityFieldsinWeak-FlavorJets 144
5.4.4 MagneticFieldEvolutioninWeak-FlavorJets 145
5.4.5 EmissivityEvolutioninWeak-FlavorJets 146
5.4.6 Mass,MomentumandEnergyFluxes 146
5.4.7 ComparisonswithStrong-FlavorJets 147
5.5 BackflowinBilobedFRISources? 148
References 149
6 Optical,InfraredandUVObservations 153
EricPerlman
6.1 AHistoricalPerspective 153
6.2 StudiesofSampleProperties 156
6.3 SourceMorphologies,SuperluminalMotionandVariability 159
6.4 OpticalandBroadbandSpectra 166
6.5 Polarimetry 173
6.6 Conclusion 181
References 182
7 ObservationalDetails:X-Rays 185
RitaSambrunaandDanielE.Harris
7.1 Introduction 185
7.1.1 TheDawn 185
7.1.2 TheChandraX-RayObservatory 186
7.2 X-RayJetsatHigherLuminosities 187
7.2.1 TheFirstChandraJet 187
7.2.2 A“New”Model:IContheCosmicMicrowaveBackgroundPhotons 190
7.2.3 ChallengesfortheIC/CMBModel 192
7.2.4 AlternativeScenariostotheIC/CMB 193
7.2.5 JetsatHigh-z 194
7.3 X-RayJetsatLowerLuminosities 196
7.3.1 MorphologiesandEmissionProcess 196
7.3.2 ACaseStudy:M87 197
7.4 X-RayJetsatIntermediateLuminosities 201
7.4.1 DetectionofX-RayJetsinBLLacs 201
7.5 X-RayEmissionProcesses 203
VIII Contents
7.5.1 ChallengesforSynchrotronModels 204
7.5.2 EstimatingSynchrotronParameters 204
7.5.3 SynchrotronSelf-ComptonEmission 205
7.5.4 ICEmissionfromPhotonsOriginatinginOtherComponents 206
7.5.5 IC/CMBEmissionfromJetswithLargeΓ 206
7.5.6 EstimatingIC/CMBParameters 207
7.6 Summary,Conclusions,FutureWork 208
7.6.1 TheNatureofOffsetsandSpectralProgressions 209
7.6.2 TheNatureofKnots 209
7.6.3 FuturePossibilities 210
References 211
8 UnresolvedEmissionfromtheCore:ObservationsandModels 215
HenricKrawczynski,MarkusBöttcherandAnitaReimer
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 EmissionfromVariousNonjetComponents 216
8.3 EmissionfromtheInnerJet 218
8.3.1 Blazars 218
8.3.2 BlazarModels 220
8.3.3 BlazarMultiwavelengthObservations 234
8.4 ConclusionsandOutlook 239
References 240
PartFour ParticleAccelerationinTurbulentMagnetohydrodynamicShocks 245
9 ParticleAcceleration
inTurbulentMagnetohydrodynamicShocks 247
MatthewG.Baring
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 ElectromagneticTurbulenceinJetShocks 248
9.3 StructureofRelativisticShocks 250
9.3.1 RelativisticThermalGases 253
9.3.2 HydrodynamicJumpConditions 256
9.3.3 MHDRankine–HugoniotConditions 260
9.4 TheCharacterofDiffusiveAccelerationinRelativisticShocks 268
9.4.1 ThePrincipleoftheFermiMechanism 269
9.4.2 DiffusiveAccelerationinParallel,RelativisticShocks 272
9.4.3 DiffusiveAccelerationinOblique,RelativisticShocks 277
9.4.4 ShockDriftAcceleration 282
9.4.5 AccelerationTimeScales 284
9.4.6 NonlinearAccelerationEffects 288
9.5 AccelerationbyMagneticReconnection 290
9.6 OutstandingQuestions 291
References 293
Contents IX
10 SimulationsofJetsfromActiveGalacticNuclei
andGamma-RayBursts 297
MiguelA.AloyandPetarMimica
10.1 GoverningEquations 298
10.2 NumericalAlgorithms 300
10.2.1 SpecificNumericalMethodsforMHD 301
10.3 BasicNumericalModeling 303
10.3.1 JetStability 304
10.3.2 NonlinearJetDynamics 308
10.3.3 GRBJets 317
10.4 NumericsConfrontObservations:EmissionfromSyntheticJets 321
10.4.1 RadiativeProcessesandRelativisticEffects 321
10.4.2 ClassificationofAlgorithmsforComputingtheJetEmission 322
10.4.3 Applications 325
10.5 SummaryandOutlook 331
References 332
11 JetStructure,CollimationandStability:RecentResultsfromAnalytical
ModelsandSimulations 341
RonyKeppensandZakariaMeliani
11.1 ExactModelsforCollimatedJets 341
11.1.1 ConceptsforCurvedSpace-Time 342
11.1.2 GeneralRelativisticMagnetohydrodynamics 343
11.1.3 3C1forSchwarzschildBlackHoleSurroundings 344
11.1.4 Self-SimilarModels:ClassicaltoGeneralRelativisticMHD 347
11.1.5 ModelsforJetsfromRotatingBlackHoles 349
11.2 NumericalFindingsonPropagation,Deceleration,Collimation 351
11.2.1 EntrainmentandDeceleration 352
11.2.2 Fanaroff–RileyI/IIandHYMORS:ISMInfluences 353
11.2.3 JetCompositionandEOS 355
11.2.4 MagneticFieldTopologies 356
11.3 Two-ComponentJets:aRecurringParadigm 358
11.3.1 ObservationalandTheoreticalArguments 358
11.3.2 AspectsDeducedfromModernSimulations 360
11.4 StabilityStudiesforRadiallyStructuredJets 360
11.4.1 Spine-SheathModels 360
11.4.2 Two-ComponentJetsandFRI/IIClassification 362
11.5 FurtherChallengesforModernSimulations 364
References 366
12 JetsandAGNFeedback 369
ChristopherS.Reynolds
12.1 Introduction 369
12.2 GalaxyFormationandTwoClassicProblems 371
12.2.1 CosmologicalBackground 371
12.2.2 TheOvercoolingProblem 374
X Contents
12.2.3 TheCoolingFlowProblem 376
12.3 Jet–ICMInteractionsinGalaxyClusters 379
12.3.1 TheoreticalExpectations 379
12.3.2 Jet-BlownCavities 382
12.3.3 ShocksandSoundWaves 385
12.4 ThermalConduction,MHDInstabilities,
andanAlternativeViewofAGNFeedback 389
12.4.1 TheNearImpossibilityofaStableHydrostaticEquilibrium 391
12.4.2 MHDModelsofClusterCoolingCores
andanAlternativeRoleforAGN 392
References 393
13 SummaryandOutlook 395
MarkusBöttcher,DanielE.HarrisandHenricKrawczynski
13.1 TheCore:InsightsintotheProcesses
ofJetFormation,Acceleration,andCollimation 395
13.2 Large-ScaleJets:InsightsintoTheirStructure
andMake-UpandTheirImpactonTheirHosts 397
13.3 TheoryandSimulations 398
AppendixA PhysicalandAstrophysicalConstants 401
MarkusBöttcher,DanielE.HarrisandHenricKrawczynski
Index 403