Relationships of density, microfibril angle, and sound velocity with stiffness and strength in mature wood of Douglas-fir

684 Pages·2013·66 MB·English

by  B Lachenbruch

Handbook of
Wood Chemistry and
Wood Composites
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Roger M. Rowell
Edited by
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Roger M. Rowell

Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................................xi
Editor..............................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors......................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Wood.and.Society.........................................................................................................1
Christopher D. Risbrudt
Part I Structure and Chemistry
Chapter 2 Structure.and.Function.of Wood...................................................................................9
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft
Chapter 3 Cell.Wall.Chemistry....................................................................................................33
Roger M. Rowell, Roger Pettersen, and Mandla A. Tshabalala
Part II Properties
Chapter 4 Moisture.Properties.....................................................................................................75
Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 5 Biological.Properties.of.Wood....................................................................................99
Rebecca E. Ibach
Chapter 6 Thermal.Properties,.Combustion,.and.Fire.Retardancy.of.Wood............................127
Roger M. Rowell and Mark A. Dietenberger
Chapter 7 Weathering.of.Wood.and.Wood.Composites............................................................151
Philip D. Evans
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Surface.Characterization...........................................................................................217
Mandla A. Tshabalala, Joseph Jakes, Mark R. VanLandingham,
Shaoxia Wang, and Jouko Peltonen
Part III Wood Composites
Chapter 9 Wood.Adhesion.and.Adhesives.................................................................................255
Charles R. Frihart
Chapter 10 Wood.Composites......................................................................................................321
Mark A. Irle, Marius Catalin Barbu, Roman Reh, Lars Bergland,
and Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 11 Chemistry.of.Wood.Strength....................................................................................413
Jerrold E. Winandy and Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 12 Fiber.Webs.................................................................................................................457
Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 13 Wood/Nonwood.Thermoplastic.Composites............................................................473
Craig M. Clemons, Roger M. Rowell, David Plackett, and
B. Kristoffer Segerholm
Part IV Property Improvements
Chapter 14 Heat.Treatment..........................................................................................................511
Roger M. Rowell, Ingeborga Andersone, and Bruno Andersons
Chapter 15 Chemical.Modification.of Wood...............................................................................537
Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 16 Lumen.Modifications................................................................................................599
Rebecca E. Ibach and Roger M. Rowell
Contents vii
Chapter 17 Plasma.Treatment.of.Wood.......................................................................................627
Wolfgang Viöl, Georg Avramidis, and Holger Militz
Chapter 18 Sustainability.of.Wood.and.Other.Biomass..............................................................659
Roger M. Rowell
Index ..................................................................................................................................................................669
Ho¯ryu¯.Temple.in.Nara,.Japan.is.over.1300.years.old.and.is.one.of.the.oldest.remaining.wooden.structures.in.
the.world.
Preface
Wood.has.played.a.major.role.throughout.human.history..The.earliest.humans.used.wood.to.make.
shelters,.cook.food,.construct.tools,.build.boats,.and.make.weapons..There.are.human.marks.on.a.
climbing.pole.that.were.made.over.300,000.years.ago..We.have.found.wood.in.the.Egyptian.pyra-
mids,.Chinese.temples.and.tombs,.and.ancient.ships.that.attest.to.the.use.of.wood.by.earlier.societ-
ies..Collectively,.society.learnt.very.early.about.the.great.advantages.of.using.a.resource.that.was.
widely.distributed,.multifunctional,.strong,.easy.to.work,.aesthetic,.sustainable,.and.renewable..
Wood.has.been.used.by.people.for.centuries.as.a.building.material.and.we.have.accepted.its.limita-
tions.in.use,.such.as.instability.toward.moisture,.and.degradations.due.to.microorganisms,.termites,.
fire,.and.ultraviolet.radiation..We.must.accept.that.wood.was.designed.by.nature.to.perform.in.a.wet.
environment,.and.nature.is.programmed.to.recycle.wood.to.carbon.dioxide.and.water.using.the.
chemistries.of.decay,.thermal,.ultraviolet,.and.moisture.degradations..By.accepting.these.limita-
tions,.however,.we.also.limit.our.expectations.of.performance,.which,.ultimately,.limits.our.ability.
to.accept.new.concepts.for.improved.biomaterials.
We.are.concerned.about.issues.dealing.with.the.environment,.sustainability,.recycling,.energy,.
sequestering.carbon,.and.the.depletion.of.our.natural.resources.with.a.growing.world.population..
Wood.is.receiving.a.fresh.look.by.scientists,.politicians,.and.economists.because.of.its.unique.prop-
erties,.aesthetics,.availability,.abundance,.and.perhaps.most.important.of.all,.its.renewability..We.
will.not,.however,.be.able.to.realize.the.full.potential.that.wood.and.wood.products.can.play.in.our.
“modern.society”.as.a.material.and.chemical.feed.stock.until.we.understand.its.chemistry.and.mate-
rials.properties.and.performance..That.understanding.holds.the.key.to.its.utilization..Wood.will.not.
reach.its.highest.use.potential.until.we.fully.describe.it,.understand.the.mechanisms.that.control.its.
performance.properties,.and.finally,.are.able.to.manipulate.those.properties.to.give.us.the.desired.
performance.we.seek.
The.purpose.of.this.book.is.to.present.the.latest.concepts.in.wood.chemistry.and.wood.compos-
ites.as.understood.by.the.various.authors.who.have.written.the.chapters..I.thank.them.for.their.time.
and.effort.in.the.preparation.of.this.book..The.book.is.an.update.of.two.earlier.books,.Chemistry of
Solid Wood,.Advances in Chemistry Series,.207,.American.Chemical.Society,.Washington,.DC,.
1984,.which.is.long.out.of.print.and.the.first.edition.of.this.CRC.handbook.published.in.2005.
ix