Relationship Passive Drag and Anthropometric Characteristics of Paralympic Swimmers

14 Pages·2013·1.11 MB·English

Relationship between Anthropometry and
Passive Drag of Physically Impaired Swimmers
Yim-Taek Oh1, Conor Osborough1, Brendan Burkett2, Carl Payton1
1Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
2University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
May 1-4, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Drag
•
Resistance force which acts on a swimmer in the opposite
direction to swimming.
•
In Human Swimming
Passive Drag Active Drag
•
Active drag - more dependent on technique
Passive drag - more dependent on anthropometry
Kolmogorov and Duplishcheva, 1992
•
Influenced by speed, depth, shape, posture, size, and the
frontal surface area.
Kjendle & Stallman, 2008
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Factors Affecting Drag
•
Speed Drag
Karpovich ,1933; Counsilman, 1955.
•
Depth Drag
Vennell et al., 2006; Novais et al., 2012.
•
Technique Drag
•
Body Position
Clarys et al., 1974
Kent & Atha, 1971
World
Taïar et al., 1999
Champion
Good
Swimmer
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Factors Affecting Drag
•
Size and Shape
Length Drag
In Theory
Cross-Sectional Area Drag
-Height ?
Yes – Huijing et al., 1988
No – Miyashita and Tsunoda, 1978
-Cross Sectional Area?
Yes - Benjanuvatra et al., 2001
No – Toussaint et al., 1990
•
Physical Impairment
Level of Physical Impairment vs Drag
- Chatard et al., 1992
Paralysis > Multiple dysmelia > Single leg-amputee
– Karger, 2012
No published study on anthropometry of high level swimmers
with a disability
AIMS
To examine the relationship between:
1) the anthropometry and IPC Class, and 2) passive drag and the
anthropometry, of highly trained disability swimmers
IPC
Anthropometry Swimming
Class
Hypotheses
1. There will be a positive relationship
between IPC Class and anthropometric
measures.
2. There will be a significant relationship
Passive Drag
between anthropometric measures and
passive drag.
METHODS
Anthropometry
•
80 Swimmers (Height 1.59.8±0.25 m; Mass 60.3±12.5 kg)
(47 Males, 33 Females; 98% competed in London 2012 Paralympic Games)
•
Streamlined Height, Height, Mass, Shoulder Width, Chest Depth, Shoulder
Girth, Streamlined Shoulder Girth.
Passive Drag
• s(cid:2)(cid:3)
Towing Speed: 1.5 m· (Electromechanical towing device)
•
Drag force measured using load-cell
•
Statistics: Kendall’s tau_b & Pearson Correlation
(IPC Class vs Drag) (Anthro vs Drag)
RESULTS
IPC Class vs Anthropometry
Height
Streamlined Height
250 300
200 m) 250
c
(
m) 150 ght 200
c ei
ht ( d H 150
eig 100 ne Female
H mli 100 Male
r = .422** a r = .461**
50 rk= .429** tre 50 rk= .429**
k S k * p<0.05
r = .367** r = .408**
k k ** P<0.01
0 0
00 S22 S34-4 S56-6 S78-8 S190-10 S1112-14 14 00 S22 S43-4 S65-6 S87-8 S190-10 S1112-14 14
IPC Class IPC Class
Mass Shoulder width
100 60
90
50
80
m)
70
(c 40
g) 60 h
s (K 50 widt 30
Mas 40 er
d
30 ul 20
r = .386** o
20 k h r = -.178
r = .403** S k
10 rk= .325** 10 rk= .128
0 k rk= -.071
0
00 2S2 S43-4 S56-6 S78-8 S91-010 S1112-14 14
00 S22 S34-4 S56-6 S78-8 S91-100 S111-214 14
IPC Class
IPC Class
RESULTS
IPC Class vs Anthropometry
Chest Depth Shoulder Girth
40 140
35 120
30 m)
m) c 100
(c 25 h (
h rt 80
pt 20 Gi
De er 60 Female
st 15 de
Che 10 rk= -.056 houl 40 rk= .144 Male
r = .205 S r = .230
5 k 20 k
r = .031 r = .056
k k
0 0
00 S22 S34-4 S56-6 S78-8 S91-010 S111-214 14 00 S22 S34-4 S56-6 S78-8 S91-010 S1112-14 14
IPC Class IPC Class
Streamlined Shoulder Girth
140
m)
c 120
(
h
t
Gir 100
r
de 80
ul
o
h 60
S
d
e 40 r = -.178
n k
mli 20 rk= .128
ea r = -.071
r k
St 0
00 S22 S34-4 S56-6 S78-8 S91-010 S1112-14 14
IPC Class
RESULTS
Passive Drag vs Anthropometry
Streamlined Height
Height
250 300
m) 250
200 c
(
t
cm) 150 eigh 200
ght ( 100 ed H 150 Female
ei n
H rp= -.031 mli 100 rp= -.099 Male
50 r = -.385* a r = -.526**
p re 50 p
r = -.084 St r = .157 * p<0.05
p p
0 0 ** P<0.01
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Passive Drag (N) Passive Drag (N)
Mass Shoulder Width
100 60
90
50
80
m)
70
c 40
(
kg) 60 rth
Mass ( 4500 der Gi 30
ul 20
30 r = .189 o
p h r = .239
20 rp= -.314** S 10 rp= -.504*
10 r = .130 p
p r = .117
0 0 p
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Passive Drag (N) Passive Drag (N)
RESULTS
Passive Drag vs Anthropometry
Chest Depth Shoulder Girth
40 140
35 120
m) 30 m) 100
c
h (c 25 th ( 80
pt 20 Gir
De er 60 Female
t 15 d
hes r = .089 oul 40 r = .218 Male
C 10 p h p
r = -.190 S r = .370*
5 p 20 p * p<0.05
r = .053 r = .174
p p ** P<0.01
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Passive Drag (N) Passive Drag (N)
Streamlined Shoulder Girth
140
m)
c 120
(
h
t
Gir 100
r
e
d 80
ul
o
h 60
S
d
e
n 40 r = .457**
mli rp= .040
a 20 p
re r = .408**
t p
S
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Passive Drag (N)