UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff WWiinnddssoorr SScchhoollaarrsshhiipp aatt UUWWiinnddssoorr Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2010 RReellaattiinngg AAddddiittiivvee aanndd SSuubbttrraaccttiivvee PPrroocceesssseess TTeelleeoollooggiiccaallllyy FFoorr HHyybbrriidd DDeessiiggnn aanndd MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg Victoria Townsend University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Townsend, Victoria, "Relating Additive and Subtractive Processes Teleologically For Hybrid Design and Manufacturing" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 160. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/160 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. 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Relating Additive and Subtractive Processes Teleologically For Hybrid Design and Manufacturing by Victoria Townsend A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2010 © 2010 Victoria Townsend Relating Additive and Subtractive Processes Teleologically For Hybrid Design and Manufacturing by Victoria Townsend APPROVED BY: Dr. J. Sokolowski Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering Dr. Z. Pasek Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Dr. J. Urbanic, Advisor Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Dr. W. ElMaraghy, Chair of Defense Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering July 8, 2010 DECLARATION OF COAUTHORSHIP / PREVIOUS PUBLICATION This thesis includes one original paper that has been previously submitted for publication in peer reviewed conference proceedings, as follows: Thesis Chapter Publication Title / Full Citation Publication Status Townsend, V. and J. Urbanic (2010). “A Systems Approach to Hybrid Design: Fused Chapter 6 Deposition Modeling and CNC Machining,” Published Proceedings of the 2010 CIRP Design Conference, Nantes, France, April 19‐21. ... I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include the above published materials in my thesis. I certify that the above material describes work completed during my registration as a graduate student at University of Windsor. I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations or any other material from the work of other people in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright act, I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. iii ABSTRACT This research proposes a methodology for hybrid design and manufacturing ‐‐ connecting processes, and silos of information, in a shared system that maximizes the strengths of each process. Additive and subtractive processes (i.e. fused deposition modeling and CNC machining) are focused on in this research. The foundation for the hybrid methodology is a teleological system, which defines a context for interrelationships whereby impact and value can be understood and assessed. Decision making is organized in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), harnessing knowledge of the aforementioned processes to effectively manage complexity in modules and efficiently design and manufacture a part with the most value. An adaptation of a product complexity assessment is proposed and used to validate the proposed AHP model along with a sensitivity analysis. The hybrid design and manufacturing methodology is tested in application through case study (i.e. casting pattern design and manufacture of a complex V6 engine section). iv DEDICATION This study is lovingly dedicated to my Mom and Sister, who taught me to live with courage and to journey with an open mind and heart. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to the thesis committee ‐‐ Dr. Z. Pasek, Dr. J. Sokolowski, and Supervisor Dr. J. Urbanic. This research is partially funded by the AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence, an automotive research and development program focusing on issues relating to the automobile in the 21st century. AUTO21 is a member of the Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada program. Many thanks to Dr. J. Sokolowski and the 2009 University of Windsor Casting Capstone team, especially Victor Francis and Brian Beaudry, for their collaboration in the case study of this research. As part of this case study also, thank you to Nemak of Canada Corporation personnel who donated their time and resources to support this work and pour the castings, and in particular Dr. Robert MacKay and Dr. Glenn Byczynski. Thank you to Dr. J. Sokolowski who gave me a home at the University of Windsor with a great group of lab colleagues. Thank you to Dr. Waguih ElMaraghy and Dr. Hoda ElMaraghy for the use of the FDM machine at the University of Windsor Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Centre. A special thank you to Dr. J. Urbanic and Bob Hedrick for all of their support. Thank you to friends and family who have offered support, guidance, and help in many ways. I extend a special thank you to Sandy Marshall, Melissa Figueroa, Sarrah Beemer, Kirby Miles Wilkerson, Corey and Lena Walsh, Victoria and Jennifer Collis, my Dad, and my brother Louis Townsend. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration of Co‐Authorship / Previous Publication ..................................................................... iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ........................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. xii List of Appendices .......................................................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem Statement and Motivation of the Study............................................................ 1 1.2 Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 General Research Approach............................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2: Systems Thinking ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Systems Thinking Overview ............................................................................................. 7 2.2 Teleological Systems ........................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Knowledge ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Complexity ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Analytic Hierarchy Process ............................................................................................. 13 Chapter 3: Additive Manufacturing and CNC Machining .............................................................. 15 3.1 Rapid Prototyping and Additive Manufacturing ............................................................ 15 3.1.2 Fused Deposition Modeling ................................................................................... 25 3.2 CNC Machining ............................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 4: Machining and Additive Manufacturing ..................................................................... 32 4.1 Nature of the Processes ................................................................................................. 32 4.2 Machine‐Level Process Planning .................................................................................... 32 4.3 Geometric Design Freedom ........................................................................................... 34 4.4 Raw Material Availability ............................................................................................... 34 4.5 Material Properties ........................................................................................................ 34 4.6 Accuracy ......................................................................................................................... 35 4.8 Fabrication Speed .......................................................................................................... 37 vii 4.9 Part Size .......................................................................................................................... 37 4.10 Human Intervention in the Fabrication Process ............................................................ 37 4.11 Hybrid: Fused Deposition Modeling and CNC Machining ............................................. 38 Chapter 5: Literature Review and Summary ................................................................................. 40 5.1 Literature Review on Systems Thinking ......................................................................... 40 5.2 Literature Review on Knowledge and Complexity ......................................................... 41 5.3 Literature Review on Decision Making in Additive Manufacturing ............................... 42 5.4 Literature Review on Additive Manufacturing and FDM ............................................... 44 5.5 Literature Review on Hybrid Design: Additive Manufacturing and CNC Machining ..... 46 5.6 Literature Review on Additive Manufacturing and Tooling Applications ...................... 49 Chapter 6: Proposed Hybrid Methodology ................................................................................... 52 6.1 The Analytic Hierarchy Process ...................................................................................... 52 6.2 The Developed Hybrid Methodology ............................................................................. 55 6.2.2 Low Level (Level 4 to 3) Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison ...................................... 56 6.2.3 Mid‐Level (Level 3 to 2) Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison ...................................... 62 6.2.4 High‐Level (Level 2 to 1) Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison ..................................... 68 6.3 Overview of the Hybrid Design and Manufacturing Methodology ................................ 71 6.4 General Process Comparison Generated by the Methodology ..................................... 73 6.5 Sensitivity Analysis of the Proposed Hybrid Methodology ............................................ 75 Chapter 7: Case Study ................................................................................................................... 82 7.1 Applying the Hybrid Design and Manufacturing Methodology ..................................... 82 7.2 Case Study Discussion .................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 8: Value ............................................................................................................................ 95 8.1 Cost and Time Analysis ................................................................................................... 95 8.2 Value Analysis ................................................................................................................ 99 Chapter 9: Complexity ................................................................................................................. 104 9.1 Original Product Complexity Assessment by Urbanic and ElMaraghy ......................... 104 9.2 Rationale for Product Complexity Assessment Utilization and Adaptation ................ 106 9.3 Product Complexity Assessment for Hybrid Design and Manufacturing ..................... 109 9.4 Product Complexity Assessment Applied to Case Study.............................................. 113 Chapter 10: Discussion, Conclusions, and Future Work ............................................................. 123 10.1 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 123 viii 10.1.1 Concurrent Processes .......................................................................................... 123 10.1.2 Part Accuracy ....................................................................................................... 123 10.1.3 Modularization and Assembly ............................................................................. 124 10.1.4 The AHP Model and Sensitivity Analysis .............................................................. 125 10.1.5 Value .................................................................................................................... 126 10.1.6 Complexity ........................................................................................................... 126 10.1.7 Research Roadmap .............................................................................................. 127 10.2 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 128 10.3 Future Work ................................................................................................................. 132 Chapter 11: References ............................................................................................................... 133 Vita Auctoris ................................................................................................................................. 156 ix
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