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UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff WWiinnddssoorr SScchhoollaarrsshhiipp aatt UUWWiinnddssoorr Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2010 RReellaattiinngg AAddddiittiivvee aanndd SSuubbttrraaccttiivvee PPrroocceesssseess TTeelleeoollooggiiccaallllyy FFoorr HHyybbrriidd DDeessiiggnn aanndd MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg Victoria Townsend University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Townsend, Victoria, "Relating Additive and Subtractive Processes Teleologically For Hybrid Design and Manufacturing" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 160. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/160 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Relating Additive and Subtractive Processes Teleologically For Hybrid  Design and Manufacturing          by  Victoria Townsend                        A Thesis  Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies  through Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering  in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for  the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the   University of Windsor              Windsor, Ontario, Canada  2010   © 2010 Victoria Townsend Relating Additive and Subtractive Processes Teleologically For Hybrid Design and Manufacturing  by   Victoria Townsend      APPROVED BY:          Dr. J. Sokolowski  Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering          Dr. Z. Pasek  Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering          Dr. J. Urbanic, Advisor  Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering          Dr. W. ElMaraghy, Chair of Defense  Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering            July 8, 2010 DECLARATION OF CO­AUTHORSHIP / PREVIOUS PUBLICATION  This thesis includes one original paper that has been previously submitted for publication in  peer reviewed conference proceedings, as follows:  Thesis Chapter  Publication Title / Full Citation  Publication Status  Townsend, V. and J. Urbanic (2010).  “A  Systems Approach to Hybrid Design:  Fused  Chapter 6  Deposition Modeling and CNC Machining,”  Published  Proceedings of the 2010 CIRP Design  Conference, Nantes, France, April 19‐21.  ...        I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include the  above published materials in my thesis.  I certify that the above material describes work  completed during my registration as a graduate student at University of Windsor.   I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright  nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations or any other  material  from  the    work  of  other  people  in  my  thesis,  published  or  otherwise,  are  fully  acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices.  Furthermore, to the  extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within  the meaning of the Canada Copyright act, I have obtained a written permission from the  copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis.    I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my  thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted  for a higher degree to any other University or Institution.         iii ABSTRACT  This  research  proposes a  methodology  for  hybrid  design  and  manufacturing  ‐‐  connecting  processes, and silos of information, in a shared system that maximizes the strengths of each  process.  Additive and subtractive processes (i.e. fused deposition modeling and CNC machining)  are focused on in this research.  The foundation for the hybrid methodology is a teleological  system,  which  defines  a  context  for  interrelationships  whereby  impact  and  value  can  be  understood and assessed.  Decision making is organized in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP),  harnessing knowledge of the aforementioned processes to effectively manage complexity in  modules and efficiently design and manufacture a part with the most value.  An adaptation of a  product complexity assessment is proposed and used to validate the proposed AHP model along  with a sensitivity analysis.  The hybrid design and manufacturing methodology is tested in  application through case study (i.e. casting pattern design and manufacture of a complex V6  engine section).        iv DEDICATION        This study is lovingly dedicated to my Mom and Sister,   who taught me to live with courage and to journey with an open mind and heart.          v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  Thank you to the thesis committee ‐‐ Dr. Z. Pasek, Dr. J. Sokolowski, and Supervisor Dr. J.  Urbanic.  This research is partially funded by the AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence, an  automotive research and development program focusing on issues relating to the automobile in  the 21st century.  AUTO21 is a member of the Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada  program.    Many thanks to Dr. J. Sokolowski and the 2009 University of Windsor Casting Capstone team,  especially Victor Francis and Brian Beaudry, for their collaboration in the case study of this  research.  As part of this case study also, thank you to Nemak of Canada Corporation personnel  who donated their time and resources to support this work and pour the castings, and in  particular Dr. Robert MacKay and Dr. Glenn Byczynski.  Thank you to Dr. J. Sokolowski who gave  me a home at the University of Windsor with a great group of lab colleagues.    Thank you to Dr. Waguih ElMaraghy and Dr. Hoda ElMaraghy for the use of the FDM machine at  the University of Windsor Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Centre.    A special thank you to Dr. J. Urbanic and Bob Hedrick for all of their support.    Thank you to friends and family who have offered support, guidance, and help in many ways.  I  extend a special thank you to Sandy Marshall, Melissa Figueroa, Sarrah Beemer, Kirby Miles  Wilkerson, Corey and Lena Walsh, Victoria and Jennifer Collis, my Dad, and my brother Louis  Townsend.        vi TABLE OF CONTENTS  Declaration of Co‐Authorship / Previous Publication ..................................................................... iii  Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv  Dedication ........................................................................................................................................ v  Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... vi  List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... x  List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. xii  List of Appendices .......................................................................................................................... xiv  List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... xv  Chapter 1:  Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1  1.1  Problem Statement and Motivation of the Study............................................................ 1  1.2   Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 4  1.3   General Research Approach............................................................................................. 5  Chapter 2:  Systems Thinking ........................................................................................................... 7  2.1   Systems Thinking Overview ............................................................................................. 7  2.2  Teleological Systems ........................................................................................................ 9  2.3  Knowledge ...................................................................................................................... 10  2.4  Complexity ..................................................................................................................... 12  2.5  Analytic Hierarchy Process ............................................................................................. 13  Chapter 3:  Additive Manufacturing and CNC Machining .............................................................. 15  3.1  Rapid Prototyping and Additive Manufacturing ............................................................ 15  3.1.2  Fused Deposition Modeling ................................................................................... 25  3.2  CNC Machining ............................................................................................................... 28  Chapter 4:  Machining and Additive Manufacturing ..................................................................... 32  4.1  Nature of the Processes ................................................................................................. 32  4.2   Machine‐Level Process Planning .................................................................................... 32  4.3  Geometric Design Freedom ........................................................................................... 34  4.4  Raw Material Availability ............................................................................................... 34  4.5  Material Properties ........................................................................................................ 34  4.6  Accuracy ......................................................................................................................... 35  4.8  Fabrication Speed .......................................................................................................... 37  vii 4.9  Part Size .......................................................................................................................... 37  4.10  Human Intervention in the Fabrication Process ............................................................ 37  4.11  Hybrid:  Fused Deposition Modeling and CNC Machining ............................................. 38  Chapter 5:  Literature Review and Summary ................................................................................. 40  5.1  Literature Review on Systems Thinking ......................................................................... 40  5.2  Literature Review on Knowledge and Complexity ......................................................... 41  5.3  Literature Review on Decision Making in Additive Manufacturing ............................... 42  5.4  Literature Review on Additive Manufacturing and FDM ............................................... 44  5.5  Literature Review on Hybrid Design:  Additive Manufacturing and CNC Machining ..... 46  5.6  Literature Review on Additive Manufacturing and Tooling Applications ...................... 49  Chapter 6:  Proposed Hybrid Methodology ................................................................................... 52  6.1  The Analytic Hierarchy Process ...................................................................................... 52  6.2  The Developed Hybrid Methodology ............................................................................. 55  6.2.2  Low Level (Level 4 to 3) Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison ...................................... 56  6.2.3  Mid‐Level (Level 3 to 2) Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison ...................................... 62  6.2.4  High‐Level (Level 2 to 1) Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison ..................................... 68  6.3  Overview of the Hybrid Design and Manufacturing Methodology ................................ 71  6.4  General Process Comparison Generated by the Methodology ..................................... 73  6.5  Sensitivity Analysis of the Proposed Hybrid Methodology ............................................ 75  Chapter 7:  Case Study ................................................................................................................... 82  7.1  Applying the Hybrid Design and Manufacturing Methodology ..................................... 82  7.2  Case Study Discussion .................................................................................................... 91  Chapter 8:  Value ............................................................................................................................ 95  8.1  Cost and Time Analysis ................................................................................................... 95  8.2  Value Analysis ................................................................................................................ 99  Chapter 9:  Complexity ................................................................................................................. 104  9.1  Original Product Complexity Assessment by Urbanic and ElMaraghy ......................... 104  9.2  Rationale for Product Complexity Assessment Utilization and Adaptation ................ 106  9.3  Product Complexity Assessment for Hybrid Design and Manufacturing ..................... 109  9.4  Product Complexity Assessment Applied to Case Study.............................................. 113  Chapter 10:  Discussion, Conclusions, and Future Work ............................................................. 123  10.1   Discussion ................................................................................................................. 123  viii 10.1.1  Concurrent Processes .......................................................................................... 123  10.1.2  Part Accuracy ....................................................................................................... 123  10.1.3   Modularization and Assembly ............................................................................. 124  10.1.4   The AHP Model and Sensitivity Analysis .............................................................. 125  10.1.5   Value .................................................................................................................... 126  10.1.6  Complexity ........................................................................................................... 126  10.1.7  Research Roadmap .............................................................................................. 127  10.2  Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 128  10.3  Future Work ................................................................................................................. 132  Chapter 11:  References ............................................................................................................... 133  Vita Auctoris ................................................................................................................................. 156          ix

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